Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Responses and Performance in Children and Youth.

Extensive research has been performed investigating the effects of caffeine during exercise in adults with many reviews published in just the past 10 years. Limited research has been conducted in children despite the fact that they are one of the fastest growing consumers of caffeine. In light of the limited research, in writing this review no inclusion or exclusion criteria were used, as the aim of the review is to provide as wide a research base as possible.

Evolving ideas about the male refractory period.

The male refractory period (MRP) continues to be a topic of discussion and debate within the field of sexual medicine. To date explanations rely on central descending (efferent) influences involving specific neurotransmitter systems. Herein we explore the issue of the male refractory period, identifying problems with current explanations, specifying the parameters of an adequate model, and suggesting possible mechanisms mediating this phenomenon.

Effects of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in boys.

The effects of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in young boys was investigated. Twenty-four healthy 8-10 year old boys participated in a randomized double-blind, double-crossover, counter-balanced study. Each subject received the caffeinated drink (CAF--5 mg · kg(-1)) or placebo (PL) twice each on four separate visits.

Effects of different doses of caffeine on exercise responses in young children.

Introduction/purpose: This study investigated the effects of three different doses of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise in young children.

Methods: Forty healthy children (20 boys and 20 girls) volunteered for a random, double-blind, counterbalanced study where they received either placebo (PL), 1 mg.kg(-1) (CAF-1), 3 mg.

Effects of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise: boys versus men.

We compared the influence of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise between boys and men. Fifty-two participants (26 boys and 26 men) participated in a double blind, randomized, double crossover study. Each participant received the caffeinated (5 mg/kg) drink (CAF) and placebo (PL) twice each on 4 separate days.

Effects of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise in young boys and girls.

Purpose: To describe the influence of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise in young children and determine whether sex differences in these responses exist.

Methods: Twenty-six healthy 7- to 9-yr-old boys and 26 healthy 7- to 9-yr-old girls volunteered to participate in a double-blind, randomized, double crossover study design. Each child randomly received both the placebo (PL) and caffeinated (5 mg x kg(-1)) drink (CAF) twice each on four separate days.

Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

The management of acute ischemic stroke has not made significant strides since the introduction of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) two decades ago. The use of other therapies, such as heparin, aspirin, dipyridamole, and/or clopidogrel, have only moderately aided in the treatment of this ischemic disease. Therefore, major medical innovative approaches are critically needed.

The chemoreflex: adult versus child comparison.

Purpose: Compare the influence of the chemoreflex on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses between children and adults.

Methods: Seventy children (35 boys and 35 girls) and 70 adults (35 men and 35 women) performed 30% maximal voluntary contraction static handgrip exercise (SHG) for 3 min, followed by 4 min of muscle ischemia and then 6 min of recovery, while HR and BP were measured.

Results: During 3 min of SHG, systolic BP (SBP) increased significantly more in men versus boys (23+/-9 vs 18+/-9%) and women versus girls (21+/-10 vs 15+/-7%), respectively.