A tackler correctly adhering to the tackle instruction in a front-on, one-on-one torso tackle alters the peak inertial head kinematics of the ball carrier but not the tackler.

Objectives: To evaluate if the tackler correctly adhering, or not, to four different instructions of legal front-on one-on-one torso tackles altered the tackler and/or ball carrier peak inertial head kinematics.

Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Fifteen rugby-code players measured with three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture performed two tackle instructions from the Australian National Rugby League coaching manual on under (Dominant National Rugby League) and over (Smother National Rugby League) the ball tackles, and two novel variants of these (under, Dominant, Torso Stick; over, Smother, Pop, Lock).

Tacklers' shoulder abduction and flexion at contact alter when engaging in different front-on, one-on-one tackle instructions from an expert coach.

Objectives: To ascertain how the three-dimensional shoulder kinematics of tacklers alter when performing four legal types of front-on, one-on-one, rugby-style torso tackles.

Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Three-dimensional motion capture measured 15 male amateur-level rugby code players (24.

Employing Standardised Methods to Compare Injury Risk Across Seven Youth Team Sports.

Injury surveillance systems seek to describe injury risk for a given sport, in order to inform preventative strategies. This often leads to comparisons between studies, although these inferences may be inappropriate, considering the range of methods adopted. This study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of seven youth sports, enabling valid comparisons of injury risk.

Nutritional interventions to improve neurophysiological impairments following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for significant global health burden. Effects of TBI can become chronic even following mild injury. There is a need to develop effective therapies to attenuate the damaging effects of TBI and improve recovery outcomes.

International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)).

Background: Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport- or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illnesses) epidemiology to date.

Objective: To further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions, and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension.

Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group.

Using an expert consensus-based approach, a rugby union Video Analysis Consensus (RUVAC) group was formed to develop a framework for video analysis research in rugby union. The aim of the framework is to improve the consistency of video analysis work in rugby union and help enhance the overall quality of future research in the sport. To reach consensus, a systematic review and Delphi method study design was used.

International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)).

Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illness) epidemiology to date. Our objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension.

Predicting Sport-related mTBI Symptom Resolution Trajectory Using Initial Clinical Assessment Findings: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objectives: To identify which aspects of initial clinical assessment for sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (SR-mTBI) predict whether an athlete achieves symptom resolution within 14 days of the injury.

Research Design: Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data.

Methods: Clinical assessment data were collected from 568 patients diagnosed with SR-mTBI at a single medical clinic between February 2017 and December 2018.

The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion: What the Rehabilitation Clinician Needs to Know.

Sport-related concussion is common in full-contact and collision sports. Epidemiology studies use different types of surveillance systems and concussion definitions. Concussion incidence rates vary across age, sex, sport, and level of competition.

Facts and values: on the acceptability of risks in children's sport using the example of rugby - a narrative review.

A clash of values has been identified between those who assert that:1. all childhood injuries, regardless of origin, are inherently undesirable and should be prevented and;2. those who believe that some measure of injury to children is an acceptable compromise for the physical benefits associated with physical activity and the development of abilities to appraise and deal with risks.

A Comparison of Cognitive Function in Former Rugby Union Players Compared with Former Non-Contact-Sport Players and the Impact of Concussion History.

Aim: This study investigated differences in cognitive function between former rugby and non-contact-sport players, and assessed the association between concussion history and cognitive function.

Methods: Overall, 366 former players (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age 43.3 ± 8.

Managing player load in professional rugby union: a review of current knowledge and practices.

Background: The loads to which professional rugby players are subjected has been identified as a concern by coaches, players and administrators. In November 2014, World Rugby commissioned an expert group to identify the physical demands and non-physical load issues associated with participation in professional rugby.

Objective: To describe the current state of knowledge about the loads encountered by professional rugby players and the implications for their physical and mental health.

Shoulder injuries in elite rugby union football matches: Epidemiology and mechanisms.

Objectives: Shoulder injuries in rugby union football have been the focus of few in-depth studies, despite their frequency and severity. The study's objective was to describe the incidence, patterns and mechanisms of shoulder injuries in rugby.

Design: Prospective cohort study of shoulder injury incidence and retrospective case-series study of shoulder injury mechanisms.

Evaluation of goal kicking performance in international rugby union matches.

Objectives: Goal kicking is an important element in rugby but has been the subject of minimal research. To develop and apply a method to describe the on-field pattern of goal-kicking and rank the goal kicking performance of players in international rugby union matches.

Design: Longitudinal observational study.

The relationship between physical fitness and game behaviours in rugby union players.

The physical preparation of team sport athletes should reflect the degree to which each component of fitness is relied upon in competition. The aim of the study was therefore to establish the relationship between fitness-test data and game behaviours known or thought to be important for successful play in rugby union matches. Fitness-test measures from 510 players were analysed with game statistics, from 296 games within the 2007 and 2008 calendar years.

Positional demands of international rugby union: evaluation of player actions and movements.

Unlabelled: In rugby union, published analyses of actions and movements of players during matches have been limited to small samples of games at regional or national level.

Objectives: To analyse movements and activities of players in international rugby union matches with a sample size sufficient to clearly delineate positional roles.

Design: Observational study.

Tackle injuries in professional Rugby Union.

Background: The tackle is the most dangerous facet of play in rugby union, but little is known about risk factors for tackle injuries.

Purpose: To estimate the injury risk associated with various characteristics of tackles in professional rugby union matches.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Risk factors and risk statistics for sports injuries.

Background: Risk factors for sports injuries include characteristics and behaviors of athletes and characteristics of sports and the environment that are associated with some measure of risk of injury.

Objective: To introduce risk statistics to clinicians evaluating studies of sports injuries.

Methods: Plain-language review of risk statistics and their practical application to sports injuries.

Effect of nationwide injury prevention programme on serious spinal injuries in New Zealand rugby union: ecological study.

Objective: To investigate the effect of RugbySmart, a nationwide educational injury prevention programme, on the frequency of spinal cord injuries.

Design: Ecological study.

Setting: New Zealand rugby union.

Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004.

To illustrate changes in elite rugby union match activities, we analysed coded videotape recordings of the first match in each Bledisloe Cup series played between Australia and New Zealand from 1972 to 2004. We also analysed the stature and body mass of players. Effects associated with professionalism, weather conditions, and time (expressed as change per decade) were estimated with a simple generalized linear model and standardized for interpretation of magnitude.