Structure-Selection Dynamics of Cobalt Nanoparticles from Solution Synthesis and Their Impact on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Resolving the three-dimensional structure of transition metal oxide nanoparticles (TMO-NPs), upon self-restructuring from solution, is crucial for tuning their structure-functionality. Yet, this remains challenging as this process entails complex structure fluctuations, which are difficult to track experimentally and, hence, hinder the knowledge-driven optimization of TMO-NPs. Herein, we combine high-energy synchrotron X-ray absorption and X-ray total scattering experiments with atomistic multiscale simulations to investigate the self-restructuring of self-assembled Co-NPs from solution under dark or photocatalytic water oxidation conditions at distinct reaction times and atomic length-scales.

Instrumental broadening and the radial pair distribution function with 2D detectors.

The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) is a real-space representation of the structure of a material. Experimental PDFs are obtained using a Fourier transform from total scattering data which may or may not have Bragg diffraction peaks. The determination of Bragg peak resolution in scattering data from the fundamental physical parameters of the diffractometer used is well established, but after the Fourier transform from reciprocal to direct space, these contributions are harder to identify.

Elucidating the Impact of LiInCl-Coated LiNiCoAlO on the Electro-Chemo-Mechanics of LiPSCl-Based Solid-State Batteries.

LiPSCl has attracted significant attention due to its high Li-ion conductivity and processability, facilitating large-scale solid-state battery applications. However, when paired with high-voltage cathodes, it experiences adverse side reactions. LiInCl (LIC), known for its higher stability at high voltages and moderate Li-ion conductivity, is considered a catholyte to address the limitations of LiPSCl.

Navigating Care Refusal and Noncompliance in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder.

Background: For many emergency physicians (EPs), deciding whether or not to allow a patient suffering the ill effects of opioid use to refuse care is the most frequent and fraught situation in which they encounter issues of decision-making capacity, informed refusal, and autonomy. Despite the frequency of this issue and the well-known impacts of opioid use disorder on decision-making, the medical ethics community has offered little targeted analysis or guidance regarding these situations.

Discussion: As a result, EPs demonstrate significant variability in how they evaluate and respond to them, with highly divergent understandings and application of concepts such as decision-making capacity, informed consent, autonomy, legal repercussions, and strategies to resolve the clinical dilemma.

Order-to-Disorder Transition and Hydrogen Bonding in the Jahn-Teller Active NHCrF Fluoroperovskite.

Large quantities of high-purity NHCrF have been synthesized using a wet-chemical method, and its structural chemistry and magnetic properties are investigated in detail for the first time. NHCrF is a tetragonal fluoroperovskite that displays an ordering of the ammonium (NH) groups at room temperature and C-type orbital ordering. The ammonium groups order and display distinct signs of hydrogen bonds to nearby fluoride anions by buckling the Cr-F-Cr angle away from 180°.

Surface Chemistry Dictates the Enhancement of Luminescence and Stability of InP QDs upon c-ALD ZnO Hybrid Shell Growth.

Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) are a promising example of Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive (RoHS)-compliant light-emitting materials. However, they suffer from low quantum yield and instability upon processing under ambient conditions. Colloidal atomic layer deposition (c-ALD) has been recently proposed as a methodology to grow hybrid materials including QDs and organic/inorganic oxide shells, which possess new functions compared to those of the as-synthesized QDs.

Oxidation Kinetics of Nanocrystalline Hexagonal RMnTiO (R = Ho, Dy).

Hexagonal manganites, RMnO (R = Sc, Y, Ho-Lu), are potential oxygen storage materials for air separation due to their reversible oxygen storage and release properties. Their outstanding ability to absorb and release oxygen at relatively low temperatures of 250-400 °C holds promise of saving energy compared to current industrial methods. Unfortunately, the low temperature of operation also implies slow kinetics of oxygen exchange in these materials, which would make them inefficient in applications such as chemical looping air separation.

Electronic Structure and Surface Chemistry of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on HOPG and Nickel Substrates.

The effect of point defects and interactions with the substrate are shown by density functional theory calculations to be of significant importance for the structure and functional properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Ni(111) substrates. The structure, surface chemistry, and electronic properties are calculated for h-BN systems with selected intrinsic, oxygen, and carbon defects and with graphene hybrid structures. The electronic structure of a pristine monolayer of h-BN is dependent on the type of substrate, as h-BN is decoupled electronically from the HOPG surface and acts as bulk-like h-BN, whereas on a Ni(111) substrate, metallic-like behavior is predicted.

Revive and Refuse: Capacity, Autonomy, and Refusal of Care After Opioid Overdose.

Physicians generally recommend that patients resuscitated with naloxone after opioid overdose stay in the emergency department for a period of observation in order to prevent harm from delayed sequelae of opioid toxicity. Patients frequently refuse this period of observation despiteenefit to risk. Healthcare providers are thus confronted with the challenge of how best to protect the patient's interests while also respecting autonomy, including assessing whether the patient is making an autonomous choice to refuse care.

Performance characterization of freeform finished surfaces of potassium dihydrogen phosphate using fluid jet polishing with a nonaqueous slurry.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and its deuterated analog (DKDP) are unique nonlinear optical materials for high power laser systems. They are used widely for frequency conversion and polarization control by virtue of the ability to grow optical-quality crystals at apertures suitable for fusion-class laser systems. Existing methods for freeform figuring of KDP/DKDP optics do not produce surfaces with sufficient laser-induced-damage thresholds (LIDT's) for operation in the ultraviolet portion of high-peak-power laser systems.

A new high temperature, high heating rate, low axial gradient capillary heater.

A new heater design, capable of fast heating and cooling to and from >1000°C, has been developed at the Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France. The design uses a SiC head to distribute heat, and resistive SiN heat cartridges to provide heat.

Hydrogen Interaction with Oxide Supports in the Presence and Absence of Platinum.

Oxides are essential catalysts and supports for noble metal catalysts. Their interaction with hydrogen enables, e.g.

Reducing time to admission in emergency department patients: a cross-functional quality improvement project.

Crowding and boarding are common issues facing emergency departments (EDs) in the USA. These issues have negative effects on efficiency, patient care, satisfaction and healthcare team well-being. Data from an audit of the admissions process at a large, urban, academic US ED demonstrated a lengthy process, exceeding national benchmarks in both length of stay and boarding of admitted patients.

The effect of batched patient-physician assignment on patient length of stay in the emergency department.

Objectives: Queuing theory suggests that signing up for multiple patients at once (batching) can negatively affect patients' length of stay (LOS). At academic centers, resident assignment adds a second layer to this effect. In this study, we measured the rate of batched patient assignment by resident physicians, examined the effect on patient in-room LOS, and surveyed residents on underlying drivers and perceptions of batching.

Unblocking Ion-occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction.

Poly(triazine imide) or PTI is an ordered graphitic carbon nitride hosting Å-scale pores attractive for selective molecular transport. AA'-stacked PTI layers are synthesized by ionothermal route during which ions occupy the framework and occlude the pores. Synthesis of ion-free PTI hosting AB-stacked layers has been reported, however, pores in this configuration are blocked by the neighboring layer.

Multiparameter laser performance characterization of liquid crystals for polarization control devices in the nanosecond regime.

Interactions of liquid crystals (LC's) with polarized light have been studied widely and have spawned numerous device applications, including the fabrication of optical elements for high-power and large-aperture laser systems. Currently, little is known about both the effect of incident polarization state on laser-induced-damage threshold (LIDT) and laser-induced functional threshold (LIFT) behavior at sub-LIDT fluences under multipulse irradiation conditions. This work reports on the first study of the nanosecond-pulsed LIDT's dependence on incident polarization for several optical devices employing oriented nematic and chiral-nematic LC's oriented by surface alignment layers.

The Ethics of Procedural Education Under Pandemic Conditions.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted emergency medicine residents' education. Early in the pandemic, many facilities lacked adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), and intubation was considered particularly high risk for transmission to physicians, leading hospitals to limit the number of individuals present during the procedure. This posed difficulties for residents and academic faculty, as opportunities to perform endotracheal intubation during residency are limited, but patients with COVID-19 requiring intubation are unstable and have difficult airways.

Hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal YMnO and YbMnO below 250 °C.

The hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal YMnO3 and YbMnO3 are reported using high KOH mineraliser concentrations (>10 M) and low temperatures (<240 °C). The relation between reaction parameters and resulting phase purity were mapped by ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction. Excess Y2O3 resulted in two-phase product with hexagonal YMnO3 with different lattice parameters.

CODE BLUE-19: Proposal to Mitigate COVID-19 Transmission in the Emergency Department for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Resuscitation of cardiac arrest in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients places the healthcare staff at higher risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Unfortunately, COVID-19 status is unknown in most patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), and therefore special attention must be given to protect the healthcare staff along with the other patients. This is particularly true for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who are transported to the ED.

Ethical issues in access to and delivery of emergency department care in an era of changing reimbursement and novel payment models.

Hospital emergency departments (EDs) and the emergency physicians, nurses, and other health professionals who provide emergency care in them, are a critical component of the United States (US) health care system in the 21st century. Although access to emergency care has become a de facto right in the United States, funding for emergency care is fragmented and complex, which causes confusion and conflict about who should bear the cost of care. This article examines the tension between universal access to emergency care in the United States and the fragmentary, tenuous, and contentious financial arrangements that make it possible, viewing the issue in context of the historical development, legal and moral foundations, current situation, and future challenges of ED care in the United States.

Design of the Academic Emergency Department.

This article introduces a clinical audience to the process of emergency department (ED) design, particularly relating to academic EDs. It explains some of the major terms, processes, and key decisions that clinical staff will experience as participants in the design process. Topics covered include an overview of the planning and design process, issues related to determining needed patient capacity, the impact of patient flow models on design, and a description of several common ED design types and their advantages and disadvantages.

A Fast, Low-Temperature Synthesis Method for Hexagonal YMnO : Kinetics, Purity, Size and Shape as Studied by In Situ X-ray Diffraction.

The reaction mechanisms, phase development and kinetics of the hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal-YMnO from Y O and Mn O using in situ X-ray diffraction are reported under different reaction conditions with temperatures ranging from 300 to 350 °C, and using 1, 5 and 10 m KOH, and 5 m NaOH mineraliser. Reactions initiated with Y O hydrating to Y(OH) , which then dehydrated to YO(OH). Higher temperatures and KOH concentrations led to faster, more complete dehydrations.

How Emergency Physicians Approach Refusal of Observation after Naloxone Resuscitation.

Background: Patients who are resuscitated with naloxone frequently refuse a period of observation, even though they may be suffering from a variety of medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Emergency physicians (EPs) are then confronted with the challenge of how best to serve patients' interests while respecting autonomy.

Objectives: We sought to characterize how EPs think about this kind of dilemma and the strategies they use to resolve them.