Advancing the network theory of mental disorders: A computational model of panic disorder.

The network theory of psychopathology posits that mental disorders are systems of mutually reinforcing symptoms. This framework has proven highly generative but does not specify precisely how any specific mental disorder operates as such a system. Cognitive behavioral theories of mental disorders provide considerable insight into how these systems may operate.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and its cross-generational familial relationship with drug use disorder and alcohol use disorder: an extended Swedish adoption study.

Information on how parental risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relates to their children's risk for drug use disorder (DUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is limited. This study is the first to utilize an extended adoption design which can address questions about the degree of, and sources of, cross-generational and cross-disorder transmission of PTSD and substance use disorders. We examined diagnoses using Swedish National registries for parents and their adult offspring ( = 2,194,171, born 1960-1992) from six types of families (intact (1), not lived with biological father (2) or mother (3), step father (4), step mother (5), and adoptive (6)).

The geographical distribution of the family-genetic risk score for drug use disorder in Sweden and its co-localization with areas of social deprivation.

Background: Drug use Disorder (DUD), the risk for which is substantially influenced by both genetic and social factors, is geographically concentrated in high-risk regions. An important step toward understanding this pattern is to examine geographical distributions of the genetic liability to DUD and a key demographic risk factor - social deprivation.

Methods: We calculated the mean family genetic risk score (FGRS) for DUD ((FGRS) and social deprivation for each of the 5983 areas Demographic Statistical Areas (DeSO) for all of Sweden and used geospatial techniques to analyze and map these factors.

Unraveling the Associations Between Voice Pitch and Major Depressive Disorder: A Multisite Genetic Study.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) often goes undiagnosed due to the absence of clear biomarkers. We sought to identify voice biomarkers for MDD and separate biomarkers indicative of MDD predisposition from biomarkers reflecting current depressive symptoms. Using a two-stage meta-analytic design to remove confounds, we tested the association between features representing vocal pitch and MDD in a multisite case-control cohort study of Chinese women with recurrent depression.

The number of episodes of major psychiatric and substance use disorders as an index of genetic risk and genetic heterogeneity.

We investigate whether number of episodes (NoEs) meaningfully reflect genetic risk and genetic heterogeneity for five primary disorders-Drug Use Disorder (DUD), Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Major Depression (MD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), and Schizophrenia (SZ) ascertained from Swedish population registries. We utilize Genetic Risk Ratios (GRR)-defined as the ratio of the genetic risk for secondary disorders to the genetic risk for the primary disorder-derived from Family Genetic Risk Scores (FGRS). For all five primary disorders, genetic risk rose robustly with increasing NoEs.

Peer Social Genetic Effects and the Etiology of Substance Use Disorders, Major Depression, and Anxiety Disorder in a Swedish National Sample.

Objective: There is growing interest in how peers' genotypes may influence health (i.e., peer social genetic effects).

Comorbidity and sex differences in functional disorders and internalizing disorders.

Objective: In the current exploratory study we estimate comorbidity rates between FDs [fibromyalgia (FM), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]-and IDs-[major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)] by using self-reported diagnostic criteria.

Method: We analyzed data from 107,849 participants (mean age = 49.3 (SD = 13.

The Prediction of Diagnostic Change From Bipolar Disorder to Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia to Bipolar Disorder in a Population-Based, Longitudinal, National Swedish Sample.

Background And Hypothesis: To clarify, in a large, representative, longitudinal sample, the rate and predictors of diagnostic conversion from Bipolar Disorder (BD) to Schizophrenia (SZ) and from SZ→BD.

Design: From individuals born in Sweden 1950-1995 and living there in 1970 or later, we identified at least one initial diagnoses of SZ (n = 8449) and BD (n = 8438) followed for a minimum of 10 and a mean of 24 years. Diagnostic conversion required, respectively, at least two final diagnoses of BD and SZ 30 days apart with no intervening diagnosis of SZ or BD.

Campbell's 1953 Book on "Manic-Depressive Disease": A Counter-Factual History of the DSM Symptomatic "A Criteria" for Major Depression.

The DSM-III symptomatic criteria for major depression (MD) were derived from those proposed by Feighner and colleagues in 1972, which closely resembled those published by Cassidy in 1957. I here present a counter-factual history in which Feighner carefully read a key reference in Cassidy, a large 1953 follow-up study by Campbell of depressed patients with detailed tables of depressive signs and symptoms. In this alternative timeline, the Feighner criteria for MD were modified by Campbell's results, which then changed DSM-III and subsequent MD criteria sets.

The impact of family-genetic risk scores on social functioning in individuals affected with six major psychiatric and substance use disorders in a Swedish National Sample.

To examine whether the level of genetic risk in psychiatric disorders impacts the social functioning of affected individuals, we examine the relationship between genetic risk factors for major depression (MD), anxiety disorders (AD), bipolar disorder (BD), non-affective psychosis (NAP), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and drug use disorder (DUD) in disordered individuals and five adverse social outcomes: unemployment, residence in areas of social deprivation, social welfare, early retirement, and divorce. We examine all cases with registration for these disorders from 1995 to 2015 in individuals born in Sweden. Genetic risk was assessed by the family genetic risk score (FGRS) and statistical estimates by Cox proportional hazard models.

Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Adverse Stress Responses and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Importance: Twin studies have found that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors within a generation. No study has used an adoption design, which can address questions about the degree and sources of cross-generational transmission of adverse stress responses (ASRs) and PTSD.

Objectives: To examine whether ASRs or PTSD are transmitted from parents to offspring, and to clarify the relative importance of genes and rearing.

Testing Quantitative and Qualitative Sex Effects in a National Swedish Twin-Sibling Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Objective: Twin studies have demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is moderately heritable, and the pattern of findings across studies suggests higher heritability in females compared with males. Formal testing of sex differences has yet to be done in twin studies of PTSD. The authors sought to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to PTSD, and to formally test for sex differences, in the largest sample to date of both sexes, among twins and siblings.

Functional classes of SNPs related to psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits contrast with those related to neurological disorders.

We investigated the functional classes of genomic regions containing SNPS contributing most to the SNP-heritability of important psychiatric and neurological disorders and behavioral traits, as determined from recent genome-wide association studies. We employed linkage-disequilibrium score regression with several brain-specific genomic annotations not previously utilized. The classes of genomic annotations conferring substantial SNP-heritability for the psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits differed systematically from the classes associated with neurological disorders, and both differed from the classes enriched for height, a biometric trait used here as a control outgroup.

Personality correlates of past-year alcohol use in individuals with severe alcohol use disorder and a lifetime history of involvement in alcoholics anonymous.

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly impairing condition with important public health impacts. Despite the availability of treatment options for AUD, research shows that few people receive treatment, and even fewer can maintain abstinence/low-drinking levels. This study investigated the role of personality traits in past-year alcohol use among individuals with severe AUD who ever attended Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), a widespread and easily accessible self-help group for alcohol problems.

A Dynamical Systems View of Psychiatric Disorders-Practical Implications: A Review.

Importance: Dynamical systems theory is widely used to explain tipping points, cycles, and chaos in complex systems ranging from the climate to ecosystems. It has been suggested that the same theory may be used to explain the nature and dynamics of psychiatric disorders, which may come and go with symptoms changing over a lifetime. Here we review evidence for the practical applicability of this theory and its quantitative tools in psychiatry.

Genetic contribution to disease-course severity and progression in the SUPER-Finland study, a cohort of 10,403 individuals with psychotic disorders.

Genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility of psychotic disorders, but less is known how they affect psychotic disease-course development. Utilizing polygenic scores (PGSs) in combination with longitudinal healthcare data with decades of follow-up we investigated the contributing genetics to psychotic disease-course severity and diagnostic shifts in the SUPER-Finland study, encompassing 10 403 genotyped individuals with a psychotic disorder. To longitudinally track the study participants' past disease-course severity, we created a psychiatric hospitalization burden metric using the full-coverage and nation-wide Finnish in-hospital registry (data from 1969 and onwards).