Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control.

Background: During Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the general public used any face-worn products they could get to overcome the shortage of N95 respirators and surgical masks. These products, often not meeting any standards, raised concerns about their effectiveness in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses.

Methods: This study quantified total outward leakage (TOL) of units from 9 face-worn product categories used by members of the general public.

IL-27 alters inflammatory cytokine expression and limits protective immunity against in a neonatal BCG vaccination model.

Background: Efforts to control tuberculosis (TB), caused by the pathogen (Mtb), have been hampered by the immense variability in protection from BCG vaccination. While BCG protects young children from some forms of TB disease, long-term protection against pulmonary disease is more limited, suggesting a poor memory response. New vaccines or vaccination strategies are required to have a realistic chance of eliminating TB disease.

Total outward leakage of half-mask respirators and surgical masks used for source control.

Both respirators and surgical masks (SM) are used as source control devices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was much interest in understanding the extent of particle total outward leakage (TOL) from these devices. The objective of this study was to quantify the TOL for five categories of devices: SMs, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Approved N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) without exhalation valves, NIOSH Approved N95 FFRs with exhalation valves (N95 FFRV), NIOSH Approved elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHMRs) with exhalation valves, and NIOSH Approved EHMRs with an SM covering the exhalation valve (EHMRSM).

A Tale of Transmission: Aeromonas veronii Activity within Leech-Exuded Mucus.

Transmission, critical to the establishment and persistence of host-associated microbiotas, also exposes symbionts to new environmental conditions. With horizontal transmission, these different conditions represent major lifestyle shifts. Yet genome-wide analyses of how microbes adjust their transcriptomes toward these dramatic shifts remain understudied.

Effect of Cdc42 domains on filopodia sensing, cell orientation, and haptotaxis.

Filopodia are sensors which, along with microtubules, regulate the persistence of locomotion. To determine whether protrusions were involved in sensing adhesion, epithelial cells were cultured on platinum and tantalum gradients. Protrusions were defined by an unbiased statistical method of classification as factors 4 (filopodia), 5 (mass distribution), and 7 (nascent neurites).

Discovery and optimization of benzotriazine di-N-oxides targeting replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Compounds bactericidal against both replicating and nonreplicating Mtb may shorten the length of TB treatment regimens by eliminating infections more rapidly. Screening of a panel of antimicrobial and anticancer drug classes that are bioreduced into cytotoxic species revealed that 1,2,4-benzotriazine di-N-oxides (BTOs) are potently bactericidal against replicating and nonreplicating Mtb. Medicinal chemistry optimization, guided by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations, identified a new lead compound (20q) from this series with an MIC of 0.

Synthesis of H-Labeled Tetrabenazine (TBZ).

Tetrabenazine (TBZ) (1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolin-2-one), a vesicular monamine transporter 2 inhibitor, was prepared as a tritium-labeled compound with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. Catalytic hydrogenation of a precursor with the terminal double bond was used to introduce the tritium. This method provides tritium-labeled TBZ with high specific activity and radiochemical purity, which allow the further investigation of a TBZ in the neurological field.

Refining the approach to IV iron use in hemodialysis patients: a post-DRIVE analysis.

Intravenous (IV) iron is a necessary component of the anemia management plan for the hemodialysis patient. Despite the demonstrated benefits of IV iron, questions remain as to the most effective strategies for using IV iron to maintain target hemoglobin (Hb) levels, ensure adequate iron supply, and optimize erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy. Significant questions also surround the extent of the serum ferritin marker to reliably guide IV iron treatment decisions.