Warmed contrast media temperature loss in traditional manifold systems during angiographic procedures.

Background: Extrinsic warming of contrast media (CM) to 37 °C before angiographic procedures is performed to improve bolus kinetics and avoid potential adverse effects. Extrinsically warmed CM readily loses temperature after removal from the warming cabinet, but the extent of its cooling has not been previously investigated.

Purpose: To assess temperature loss of extrinsically warmed CM in tubing of traditional angiographic manifolds during simulated angiography.