Oldest leaf mine trace fossil from East Asia provides insight into ancient nutritional flow in a plant-herbivore interaction.

The Late Triassic saw a flourish of plant-arthropod interactions. By the Late Triassic, insects had developed all distinct strategies of herbivory, notably including some of the earliest occurrences of leaf-mining. Herein we describe exceptionally well-preserved leaf-mine trace fossils on a Cladophlebis Brongniart fern pinnule from the Momonoki Formation, Mine Group, Japan (Middle Carnian), representing the oldest unequivocal leaf-mines from East Asia.

Chaotic Griffiths Phase with Anomalous Lyapunov Spectra in Coupled Map Networks.

Dynamics of coupled chaotic oscillators on a network are studied using coupled maps. Within a broad range of parameter values representing the coupling strength or the degree of elements, the system repeats formation and split of coherent clusters. The distribution of the cluster size follows a power law with the exponent α, which changes with the parameter values.