Current status of establishing a venous line in CPA patients by Emergency Life-Saving Technicians in the prehospital setting in Japan and a proposal for intraosseous infusion.

Introduction: It is important to have a venous line in cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) patients as an emergency treatment measure in prehospital settings, but establishment of a peripheral venous line is difficult in such patients. This study aimed to investigate the current status of intravenous infusion (IVI) in CPA patients by Emergency Life-Saving Technicians (ELSTs) in Japan. We also considered alternative measures in case IVI was difficult or impossible.

Effects of hypertonic saline on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells after hemorrhagic shock in relation to iNOS and cytokines.

Background: Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation induce immunosuppression. CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T Cells (Foxp3(+) Tregs), iNOS and cytokines may affect these severe conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Foxp3(+) Tregs have been described to be specific and play a key role in the control of the immune system.

Effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and gammadelta T cells after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in relation to apoptosis and iNOS.

Background: Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation induce immunosuppression. CD4CD25 regulatory T cells and gammadeltaT cells may affect these immunosuppressive conditions. Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces damage to organs and apoptosis and also restores immunosuppressive condition.