Immunostimulation and yellow head virus (YHV) disease resistance induced by a lignin-based pulping by-product in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Linn.).

Yellow head virus (YHV) is classified as one of the most serious pathogens causing a harmful disease in many penaeids, especially black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), with high economic loss. To determine a potent and practical prophylactic strategy for controlling this disease, the toxicity of the by-product kraft lignin and its ability to control severe YHV infection were investigated in juvenile black tiger shrimp (15.9 ± 1.

Covalent linkages between cellulose and lignin in cell walls of coniferous and nonconiferous woods.

Covalent linkages between wall polysaccharides and lignin, especially linkage between cellulose and lignin were discussed by carboxymethylation technique of whole cell walls of coniferous and nonconiferous woods. Hydroxyl groups of plant cell walls polysaccharides were highly substituted, but not those of lignin by carboxymethyl groups under the used conditions, and separated into water-soluble and insoluble fractions by water extraction. Carboxymethylated wall polysaccharides linked covalently with lignin were distributed into the water-insoluble fractions.

Changes in lignin content of leaf litters during mulching.

Alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation and methoxyl content determinations were applied to decomposing leaf litter of Ginkgo biloba L., Cinnamomum camphora sieb., Zelkova serrata Makino and Firmiana simplex W.

Hot alkali-labile linkages in the walls of the forage grass Phalaris aquatica and Lolium perenne and their relation to in vitro wall digestibility.

The factors affecting in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of fully mature internodes of 150 lines of the forage grass, Phalaris aquatica, and internodes of 100 lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), harvested just after anthesis, were investigated. The relationships between IVDMD and the contents of acetyl bromide lignin, and ester-ether linkages between lignin and wall polysaccharides, measured by hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) released by 4 M NaOH at 170 degrees C respectively, were determined. The regression analysis gave r(2)=0.