Effect of voluntary human mobility restrictions on vector-borne diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A descriptive epidemiological study using a national database (2016 to 2021).

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic not only encouraged people to practice good hygiene but also caused behavioral inhibitions and resulted reduction in both endemic and imported infectious diseases. However, the changing patterns of vector-borne diseases under human mobility restrictions remain unclear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the impact of transborder and local mobility restrictions on vector-borne diseases through a descriptive epidemiological study.

Incidence of common infectious diseases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recent reports indicate that respiratory infectious diseases were suppressed during the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 led to behavioral changes aimed to control droplet transmission or contact transmission. In this study, we examined the incidence of common infectious diseases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Do infections with disseminated complex precede sweet's syndrome? A case report and literature review.

Sweet's syndrome is reportedly associated with preceding nontuberculous mycobacterial infections (NTMIs). Here, we report on a systemic Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in a patient on corticoid therapy for Sweet's syndrome. Literature searches show that 69.

Depression of local cell-mediated immunity and histological characteristics of disseminated AIDS-related Mycobacterium avium infection after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the immunohistological characteristics of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Methods: We histologically investigated five autopsied AIDS patients with systemic M. avium infection.

Diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis using a monoclonal antibody to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Aim: To investigate the utility of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with an antibody to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) for the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis (TB).

Methods: We retrospectively identified 10 patients (4 males and 6 females; mean age = 65.

Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome with focal onset of Mycobacterium avium infection displaying a histological/genetic pattern of disseminated mycobacteria.

A 66-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was admitted for treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Upon admission, a tumor mass adjacent to the thoracic descending aorta was revealed on computed tomography. Histology revealed an exudative granuloma with histiocytes packed with numerous acid-fast bacilli.

Distribution of mycobacterial antigen based on differences of histological characteristics in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infectious diseases--consideration of the extent of surgical resection from the pathological standpoint.

Quantitative assessment of mycobacterial antigens is very important to determine the surgical indication, as well as the area of resection for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infectious disease. However, at present, pathological assessment is only possible as a postoperative examination. We performed quantitative evaluation of mycobacterial antigens using lung tissues with MAC pulmonary infection obtained from surgical resection.

Pigs as an experimental model for systemic Mycobacterium avium infectious disease.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and pigs, and causes dissemination through primary intestinal lesions. However, its pathogenesis is not well understood. In this article, we hypothesize that pigs can provide a suitable experimental model of disseminated MAC disease.

A case of pulmonary and hepatic cystic Echinococcosis of CE1 stage in a healthy Japanese female that was suspected to have been acquired during her stay in the United Kingdom.

We herein report a case of a young Japanese female who was confirmed to have cystic echinococcosis (CE) 1 stage based on the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis pathological classification of CE, and she was also suspected to be infected with eggs of the G1 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto during her stay in the United Kingdom and therefore, suffered from synchronous pulmonary and hepatic CE. Oral albendazole was administered initially, but rupture of a lung hydatid cyst was observed. To avoid additional rupture, we performed two surgeries.

Hepatocyte growth factor levels in Legionella pneumonia: a retrospective study.

Background: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to be involved in the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and repair of acute lung injury. Legionella pneumonia is sometimes complicated by acute lung injury. Our study aimed to determine the role of serum HGF levels in Legionella pneumonia.

Mechanisms involved in the extension of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infection from the pulmonary focus to the regional lymph nodes.

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the mechanism of Mycobacterium avium extension in lung infection.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Participants: A 42-year-old man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Immunopathological characteristics of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome caused by Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection in a patient with AIDS.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) caused by mycobacterium in patients with AIDS is often experienced in clinical practice. There is, however, a paucity of data documenting the histopathological findings and the pathogenesis. We determined the immunopathological characteristics of IRIS associated with Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection in an AIDS patient.

Organizing pneumonia pattern in the follow-up CT of Legionella-infected patients.

The main aim of this study was to describe the appearance of the CT pattern of organizing pneumonia in Legionella-infected patients. Serial CT scans obtained from five sporadic cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia were retrospectively reviewed. The mean time of follow-up was 14 days.

Pathogenesis of systemic Mycobacterium avium infection in pigs through histological analysis of hepatic lesions.

Mycobacterium avium causes systemic infections through primary intestinal lesions in pigs. However, its pathogenesis is not well understood. The aim of this study was to confirm the effects on swine after enteral infection.

[The pathogenesis of the bowel infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

The prevalence of primary intestinal tuberculosis is increasing with social change and medical progress. However, it remains unknown whether or not primary intestinal tuberculosis exists without the involvement of other internal organs. This review verifies hypotheses about infectious courses of intestinal tuberculosis.

Repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella spp.

Genotyping of Legionella strains is important for the epidemiologic survey of Legionnaires' disease infections. In this study, we investigated the potential of repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) for differentiating various isolates of Legionella spp. We used 38 Legionella pneumophila isolates (collected in clinics all over Japan between 1980 and 2007), 19 environmental Legionella anisa isolates (collected in Okinawa, Nara, Osaka, and Hyogo prefecture between 1987 and 2007), and 2 Legionella-type strains.

Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern as pulmonary involvement in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers.

It is well established that diffuse interstitial shadows are observed in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers. However, the pathological pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) has rarely been reported. Here, we describe the clinical features of four patients with histologically proven NSIP and HTLV-1 infection.

Computed tomographic features of 23 sporadic cases with Legionella pneumophila pneumonia.

Objective: To describe the chest computed tomographic (CT) findings of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia.

Methods: CT scans obtained from 23 sporadic cases of L. pneumophila pneumonia were retrospectively reviewed.

Assessment of serum anti-Bordetella pertussis antibody titers among medical staff members.

This study comparatively evaluated the titers of the bacterial agglutination (BA) antibody for Bordetella pertussis, anti-pertussis toxin (PT) antibody, and anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) antibody in the serum of medical staff members. The geometric means of the anti-PT and anti-FHA antibody titers were 5.83 and 17.

Legionella pneumophila infection induces programmed cell death, caspase activation, and release of high-mobility group box 1 protein in A549 alveolar epithelial cells: inhibition by methyl prednisolone.

Background: Legionella pneumophila pneumonia often exacerbates acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALI and ARDS. In this study, we investigated the precise mechanism by which A549 alveolar epithelial cells induced by L.

Detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in respiratory samples using an immunochromatographic membrane test.

The immunochromatographic membrane test (ICT) efficacy of Legionella antigen detection (Binax Now Legionella) was evaluated using respiratory samples, including bronchial washings (44 cases) and sputum (128 cases), from suspected Legionella pneumonia patients. The ICT results using respiratory samples agreed well with isolation of L. pneumophila SG1 and ICT using urines.

[The pathogenesis and the development mechanism of Mycobacterium avium complex infection].

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes respiratory tract infections and develops granulomatous lesions in the alveolar areas and bronchioles in humans. In contrast with the above, the intestinal tract is the primary infection site of immunocompromised hosts, such as patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or animals, such as pigs. Recent studies have revealed that hosts with hereditary dysfunction of mediators in the Th-1 cascade as well as hosts with a high titer of auto-antibodies against interferon-gamma are susceptible to MAC, and such hosts facilitate dissemination of MAC.