Cost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for high-risk adult outpatients with COVID-19 in Japan.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Nir/Rit) for adult outpatients with COVID-19 from the perspective of a Japanese public healthcare payer.

Methods: A cost-effectiveness simulation was conducted comparing Nir/Rit for the outpatient treatment of high-risk COVID-19 patients to best supportive care (BSC) without antiviral or antibody drugs. The analytical model was divided into two phases: the treatment phase, lasting 35 days from the start of COVID-19 treatment, and the post-treatment phase.

Food allergy is linked to season of birth, sun exposure, and vitamin D deficiency.

The season of birth and ultraviolet B exposure have been related to the occurrence of food allergy. The levels of vitamin D produced from skin by ultraviolet B exposure might reflect this relationship. Vitamin D is known to induce antimicrobial peptides, protect intestinal flora, enhance the gut epithelial barrier, suppress mast cell activation and IgE synthesis from B cells, and increase the number of tolerogenic dendritic cells and IL-10-producing regulatory T cells.

Immune suppression of food allergy by maternal IgG in murine models.

Background: Most of the patients develop food allergy early in life. The factors related to parental immune condition might be one of the conceivable causes.

Methods: We reported murine models of food allergy and oral OVA tolerance.