A comparative observational study of carbohydrate intake and continuous blood glucose levels in relation to performance in ultramarathon.

Ultra-endurance events have gained global participation, whereas the critical factors of competition results remain to be well elucidated. This study used a nutritional approach to evaluate the association of competition results with carbohydrate intake and blood glucose control during a 100-mile ultramarathon. This observational study was conducted in the 2021 LAKE BIWA 100, which covered 100 miles (169 km) and 10,500 m elevation.

Stimulation of G signaling in MC4R cells by DREADD increases energy expenditure, suppresses food intake, and increases locomotor activity in mice.

The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure in humans and rodents. Impairment of MC4R signaling causes severe obesity. MC4R mainly couples to the G-protein G.

Association of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 with diabetic complications and insulin dose in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an important regulator of glycemic control, but the association between circulating FGF21 and diabetic complications is poorly understood. Moreover, basal FGF21 secretion, especially in response to insulin dose, in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), has not been well examined. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association of circulating FGF21 levels with diabetic complications and insulin dosage in middle-aged and elderly patients with T1DM.

FOXO1 cooperates with C/EBPδ and ATF4 to regulate skeletal muscle atrophy transcriptional program during fasting.

Catabolic conditions, such as starvation, inactivity, and cancer cachexia, induce Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor(s) expression and severe muscle atrophy via the induction of ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated muscle proteolysis, resulting in frailty and poor quality of life. Although FOXOs are clearly essential for the induction of muscle atrophy, it is unclear whether there are other factors involved in the FOXO-mediated transcriptional regulation. As such, we identified FOXO-CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) signaling pathway as a novel proteolytic pathway.

Age-related declines in muscle and respiratory function are proportionate to declines in performance in Master Track Cyclists.

Purpose: Respiratory and musculoskeletal function decline with age, irrespective of physical activity levels. Previous work has suggested that the age-related rate of decline in function of these two systems might be similar, but it is not known to what extent each system contributes to decreasing performance in ageing master cyclists. Therefore, the purposes of this study are (1) whether the age-related rate of decline in respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, muscle architecture, muscle function, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and performance in master cyclists is uniform and (2) which parameters contribute most to the reduction in performance with age.

Comparisons Between Serum Levels of Hepcidin and Leptin in Male College-Level Endurance Runners and Sprinters.

Hepcidin-25 is a 25 amino acid hepatokine and a key regulator of iron metabolism related to iron deficiency anemia. Recent studies have suggested that an elevated hepcidin level is correlated with low energy availability. Leptin is an appetite-suppressing adipokine and has been reported to stimulate hepcidin production in animals and cultured cells.

Contribution of Solid Food to Achieve Individual Nutritional Requirement during a Continuous 438 km Mountain Ultramarathon in Female Athlete.

Background: Races and competitions over 100 miles have recently increased. Limited information exists about the effect of multiday continuous endurance exercise on blood glucose control and appropriate intake of food and drink in a female athlete. The present study aimed to examine the variation of blood glucose control and its relationship with nutritional intake and running performance in a professional female athlete during a 155.

Easy to Swallow Rice Cake as a Carbohydrate Source during Endurance Exercise Suppressed Feelings of Thirst and Hunger without Changing Exercise Performance.

The present guidelines for sports nutrition recommend relatively higher doses of carbohydrates (CHO) for endurance exercise. There is a need for novel food products that are solid but easy to swallow and supply a large dose of CHO without gastrointestinal distress (ingesting a large amount of sugar solution may cause gastrointestinal distress because of its high osmolality). We prepared a modified rice cake (SPRC, sweet potato rice cake) and assessed its properties in swallowing and mastication; we also assessed the availability of this modified rice cake as a CHO source during endurance exercise.

Application of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Assessment of Individual Carbohydrate Requirement during Ultramarathon Race.

Background: The current study intended to evaluate the feasibility of the application of continuous glucose monitoring to guarantee optimal intake of carbohydrate to maintain blood glucose levels during a 160-km ultramarathon race.

Methods: Seven ultramarathon runners (four male and three female) took part in the study. The glucose profile was monitored continuously throughout the race, which was divided into 11 segments by timing gates.

Hepatic Fat Content Is Associated with Fasting-Induced Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Secretion in Mice Fed Soy Proteins.

Previous studies suggest that circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are elevated in patients with fatty liver, while fasting-induced secretion of FGF21 is lower in obese patients. It has been reported that soy protein prevents hepatic fat accumulation and induces FGF21 secretion. The present study was designed to evaluate the response of circulating FGF21 levels to feeding and fasting in mice fed soy protein-rich diets.

Effects of dietary protein contents and habitual endurance exercise on supplemental leucine oxidation in mice.

The effects of dietary protein contents and regular exercise on the oxidation of supplemented leucine were examined. In the short-term study, male BALB/cCrSlc mice were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, 35, and 60% protein: energy ratios for 1 week. In the long-term study, exercised and sedentary mice were fed diets containing 20, 35, and 60% protein ratios for 9 weeks.

Alterations in energy substrate metabolism in mice with different degrees of sepsis.

Background: Nutritional management is crucial during the acute phase of severe illnesses. However, the appropriate nutritional requirements for patients with sepsis are poorly understood. We investigated alterations in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in mice with different degrees of sepsis.

Fat max as an index of aerobic exercise performance in mice during uphill running.

Endurance exercise performance has been used as a representative index in experimental animal models in the field of health sciences, exercise physiology, comparative physiology, food function or nutritional physiology. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Fatmax (the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation) as an additional index of endurance exercise performance that can be measured during running at submaximal exercise intensity in mice. We measured both Fatmax and Vo2 peak of trained ICR mice that voluntary exercised for 8 weeks and compared them with a sedentary group of mice at multiple inclinations of 20, 30, 40, and 50° on a treadmill.

Endurance performance and energy metabolism during exercise in mice with a muscle-specific defect in the control of branched-chain amino acid catabolism.

It is known that the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in skeletal muscle is suppressed under normal and sedentary conditions but is promoted by exercise. BCAA catabolism in muscle tissues is regulated by the branched-chain α-keto acid (BCKA) dehydrogenase complex, which is inactivated by phosphorylation by BCKA dehydrogenase kinase (BDK). In the present study, we used muscle-specific BDK deficient mice (BDK-mKO mice) to examine the effect of uncontrolled BCAA catabolism on endurance exercise performance and skeletal muscle energy metabolism.

Electrolyte-free milk protein solution influences sodium and fluid retention in rats.

Milk is an effective post-exercise rehydration drink that maintains the net positive fluid balance. However, it is unclear which components are responsible for this effect. We assessed the effect of milk protein solution (MPS) obtained by dialysis on body fluid retention.

Rapid rehydration and moderate plasma glucose elevation by fluid containing enzymatically synthesized glycogen.

Enzymatically synthesized glycogen (ESG) has high solubility and its solution has low osmotic pressure. Therefore ESG solution could be rapidly absorbed and could be adequate for water rehydration and carbohydrate supplementation during exercise. The object of this study was to evaluate the gastric emptying time and plasma glucose elevation after an administration of ESG solution in comparison with another carbohydrate solution by using a laboratory animal.

Improved swimming pool achieves higher reproducibility and sensitivity to effect of food components as ergogenic AIDS.

A previously developed current swimming pool for mice has been used to evaluate many food components that enhance endurance exercise performance. In this article, to improve reproducibility, reliability and sensitivity of this assay system, we improved the spout part to generate a uniform current and divided the pool into six lanes to avoid physical interference between swimming mice. The stability of the current flow was assessed by measuring the surface current speed and water volume from the spout part.

Elevated urinary Cr loss induces a reduction in renal Cr concentration and the negative Cr balance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Chromium (Cr) is an essential trace element and is important for normal carbohydrate metabolism, and its deficiency in animals can cause a diabetic-like state. Human and experimental animal studies suggest that urinary Cr excretion is increased in diabetic populations. To investigate whether hyperglycemia-induced elevation of urinary Cr excretion reduces tissue Cr storage conditions, we assessed total Cr balance and Cr distribution in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice.

Zinc bioavailability is improved by the micronised dispersion of zinc oxide with the addition of L-histidine in zinc-deficient rats.

Zinc fortification of milk or soft drinks is usually used to combat zinc deficiencies in developing countries. Water-soluble zinc compounds, such as zinc sulfate or zinc citrate, are better absorbed but have an unacceptable taste. A micronised, dispersible zinc oxide (MDZnO), which does not have such a problem concerning taste, had higher solubility compared to ZnO (zinc oxide) in an artificial gastric solution.

Supplementation with chromium picolinate recovers renal Cr concentration and improves carbohydrate metabolism and renal function in type 2 diabetic mice.

To study the preventive effect of supplemented chromium picolinate (CrPic) on the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice, we analyzed the effects of CrPic supplementation on renal function and concentrations of serum glucose and tissue chromium (Cr). In experiment 1, male KK-Ay obese diabetic mice were fed either a control diet (control) or a diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg diet (Cr2) or 10 mg/kg diet (Cr10) of Cr for 12 wk. Cr10 significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia after a glucose load, creatinine clearance rates, and urinary microalbumin levels (p<0.

Two different zinc transport complexes of cation diffusion facilitator proteins localized in the secretory pathway operate to activate alkaline phosphatases in vertebrate cells.

Zinc is an essential component for the catalytic activity of numerous zinc-requiring enzymes. However, until recently little has been known about the molecules involved in the pathways required for supplying zinc to these enzymes. We showed recently (Suzuki, T.

(-)-Hydroxycitrate ingestion and endurance exercise performance.

We have been interested in the ergogenic aid effects of food components and supplements for enhancing endurance exercise performance. For this purpose, acute or chronic (-)-hydroxycitrate (HCA) ingestion might be effective because it promotes utilization of fatty acid as an energy source. HCA is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP: citrate lyase, thereby increasing inhibition of lipogenesis in the body.

Amino acid composition of soybean protein increased postprandial carbohydrate oxidation in diabetic mice.

The effects of an amino acid mixture simulating dietary soybean protein on the postprandial energy metabolism was investigated using type II diabetic mice. KK-A(y) strain mice were fed restrictive isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (35% of energy as protein and 5% as fat) based on either casein, soybean protein isolate hydrolysate (SPI-H), SPI-HET (ethanol unsoluble fraction of SPI-H), SPI-AA and casein-AA (amino acid mixtures simulating SPI-H and casein). To measure dietary carbohydrate oxidation, the animals were fed a diet containing (13)C-glucose.

A soybean peptide isolate diet promotes postprandial carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure in type II diabetic mice.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary proteins on the oxidation of dietary carbohydrate and lipids in type II diabetic mice. KK-A(y) strain mice were provided free access to a high fat diet (30% of energy as fat) for an initial 4-wk period to induce diabetes. To reduce body weight gain, the mice were subsequently fed restrictive isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (35% of energy as protein and 5% as fat) based on either casein or soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPI-H) for 4 wk.