Effects of Vitex trifolia L. leaf extracts and phytoconstituents on cytokine production in human U937 macrophages.

Background: Dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) form the basis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Vitex trifolia L. is a medicinal plant growing in countries such as China, India, Australia and Singapore.