Learning Curves during Implementation of Robotic Stereotactic Surgery.

Introduction: Adoption of robotic techniques is increasing for neurosurgical applications. Common cranial applications include stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). For surgeons to implement robotic techniques in these procedures, realistic learning curves must be anticipated for surgeons to overcome the challenges of integrating new techniques into surgical workflow.

Mutational Mechanisms That Activate Wnt Signaling and Predict Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients.

biallelic loss-of-function mutations are the most prevalent genetic changes in colorectal tumors, but it is unknown whether these mutations phenocopy gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin that also activate canonical WNT signaling. Here we demonstrate that these two mutational mechanisms are not equivalent. Furthermore, we show how differences in gene expression produced by these different mechanisms can stratify outcomes in more advanced human colorectal cancers.