QcrC is a potential target for antibody therapy and vaccination to control infection by suppressing its energy metabolism.

Introduction: spp. are a public health concern, yet there is still no effective vaccine or medicine available.

Methods: Here, we developed a -specific antibody and found that it targeted a menaquinol cytochrome reductase complex QcrC.

TLR4 agonist activity of Alcaligenes lipid a utilizes MyD88 and TRIF signaling pathways for efficient antigen presentation and T cell differentiation by dendritic cells.

Alcaligenes faecalis was previously identified as an intestinal lymphoid tissue-resident commensal bacteria, and our subsequent studies showed that lipopolysaccharide and its core active element (i.e., lipid A) have a potent adjuvant activity to promote preferentially antigen-specific Th17 response and antibody production.

Chemically Synthesized Lipid A as an Adjuvant to Augment Immune Responses to Type B Conjugate Vaccine.

We previously identified spp. as a commensal bacterium that resides in lymphoid tissues, including Peyer's patches. We found that -derived lipopolysaccharide acted as a weak agonist of Toll-like receptor four due to the unique structure of lipid A, which lies in the core of lipopolysaccharide.

Lipopolysaccharide Derived From the Lymphoid-Resident Commensal Bacteria Functions as an Effective Nasal Adjuvant to Augment IgA Antibody and Th17 Cell Responses.

spp., including , is a gram-negative facultative bacterium uniquely residing inside the Peyer's patches. We previously showed that -derived lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 to activate dendritic cells and shows adjuvant activity by enhancing IgG and Th17 responses to systemic vaccination.

Chemically Synthesized Lipid A Shows a Potent and Safe Nasal Vaccine Adjuvant Activity for the Induction of -Specific IgA and Th17 Mediated Protective Immunity.

Effective and safe vaccine adjuvants are needed to appropriately augment mucosal vaccine effects. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Peyer's patch resident stimulated dendritic cells to promote the production of mucosal immunity-enhancing cytokines (e.g.

Adjuvant Activity of Synthetic Lipid A of , a Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue-Resident Commensal Bacterium, to Augment Antigen-Specific IgG and Th17 Responses in Systemic Vaccine.

spp. are identified as commensal bacteria and have been found to inhabit Peyer's patches in the gut. We previously reported that -derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) exerted adjuvant activity in systemic vaccination, without excessive inflammation.

Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity.

Vitamins are micronutrients that have physiological effects on various biological responses, including host immunity. Therefore, vitamin deficiency leads to increased risk of developing infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. Since B vitamins are synthesized by plants, yeasts, and bacteria, but not by mammals, mammals must acquire B vitamins from dietary or microbial sources, such as the intestinal microbiota.