Short-Lived Radioisotope ^{98}Tc Synthesized by the Supernova Neutrino Process.

The isotope ^{98}Tc decays to ^{98}Ru with a half-life of 4.2×10^{6}   yr and could have been present in the early Solar System. In this Letter, we report on the first calculations of the production of ^{98}Tc by neutrino-induced reactions in core-collapse supernovae (the ν process).

A hybrid type Ia supernova with an early flash triggered by helium-shell detonation.

Type Ia supernovae arise from the thermonuclear explosion of white-dwarf stars that have cores of carbon and oxygen. The uniformity of their light curves makes these supernovae powerful cosmological distance indicators, but there have long been debates about exactly how their explosion is triggered and what kind of companion stars are involved. For example, the recent detection of the early ultraviolet pulse of a peculiar, subluminous type Ia supernova has been claimed as evidence for an interaction between a red-giant or a main-sequence companion and ejecta from a white-dwarf explosion.

Lenvatinib, an angiogenesis inhibitor targeting VEGFR/FGFR, shows broad antitumor activity in human tumor xenograft models associated with microvessel density and pericyte coverage.

Background: Lenvatinib is an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR1-3), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1-4), platelet growth factor receptor α (PDGFR α), RET and KIT. Antiangiogenesis activity of lenvatinib in VEGF- and FGF-driven angiogenesis models in both in vitro and in vivo was determined. Roles of tumor vasculature (microvessel density (MVD) and pericyte coverage) as biomarkers for lenvatinib were also examined in this study.

Detection of the gravitational lens magnifying a type Ia supernova.

Objects of known brightness, like type Ia supernovae (SNIa), can be used to measure distances. If a massive object warps spacetime to form multiple images of a background SNIa, a direct test of cosmic expansion is also possible. However, these lensing events must first be distinguished from other rare phenomena.

Immunohistochemical Examination of a Resected Advanced Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Arising in a 29-Year-Old Male without Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

A 29-year-old man with advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma was successfully treated with an extended right lobectomy. The carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level was elevated to 939 IU/l, and the pathological findings revealed moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma which involved almost the entire thickness of the hepatic duct and the adjacent liver tissue (T3) and which was associated with lymph node metastasis (N1). It was a stage IIB (T3N1M0) tubular adenocarcinoma according to UICC pathological staging.

Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova as a standard type Ia as revealed by its light-echo spectrum.

Type Ia supernovae are thermonuclear explosions of white dwarf stars in close binary systems. They play an important role as cosmological distance indicators and have led to the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Among the most important unsolved questions about supernovae are how the explosion actually proceeds and whether accretion occurs from a companion or by the merging of two white dwarfs.

The metamorphosis of supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: a link between supernovae and GRBs/hypernovae.

The only supernovae (SNe) to show gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or early x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several unusual features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF), (ii) an early, narrow optical peak, (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe, and (iv) development of helium lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal supernova: Its explosion energy (E approximately 6x10(51) erg) and ejected mass [ approximately 7 times the mass of the Sun (M(middle dot in circle))] are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe.

Asphericity in supernova explosions from late-time spectroscopy.

Core-collapse supernovae (CC-SNe) are the explosions that announce the death of massive stars. Some CC-SNe are linked to long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and are highly aspherical. One important question is to what extent asphericity is common to all CC-SNe.

A neutron-star-driven X-ray flash associated with supernova SN 2006aj.

Supernovae connected with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are hyper-energetic explosions resulting from the collapse of very massive stars ( approximately 40 M\circ, where M\circ is the mass of the Sun) stripped of their outer hydrogen and helium envelopes. A very massive progenitor, collapsing to a black hole, was thought to be a requirement for the launch of a GRB. Here we report the results of modelling the spectra and light curve of SN 2006aj (ref.

The first chemical enrichment in the universe and the formation of hyper metal-poor stars.

The recent discovery of a hyper-metal-poor (HMP) star, with a metallicity Fe/H smaller than 1/100,000 of the solar ratio, together with one earlier HMP star, has raised a challenging question whether these HMP stars are the actual first-generation, low-mass stars of the universe. We argue that these HMP stars are second-generation stars formed from gases that were chemically enriched by the first-generation supernovae. The key to this solution is the very unusual abundance patterns of these HMP stars and the similarities and differences between them.

An asymmetric energetic type Ic supernova viewed off-axis, and a link to gamma ray bursts.

Type Ic supernovae, the explosions after the core collapse of massive stars that have previously lost their hydrogen and helium envelopes, are particularly interesting because of their link with long-duration gamma ray bursts. Although indications exist that these explosions are aspherical, direct evidence has been missing. Late-time observations of supernova SN 2003jd, a luminous type Ic supernova, provide such evidence.

Repeated injections of energy in the first 600 ms of the giant flare of SGR 1806-20.

The massive flare of 27 December 2004 from the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20, a possible magnetar, saturated almost all gamma-ray detectors, meaning that the profile of the pulse was poorly characterized. An accurate profile is essential to determine physically what was happening at the source. Here we report the unsaturated gamma-ray profile for the first 600 ms of the flare, with a time resolution of 5.

Nucleosynthetic signatures of the first stars.

The chemically most primitive stars provide constraints on the nature of the first stellar objects that formed in the Universe; elements other than hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium present within these objects were generated by nucleosynthesis in the very first stars. The relative abundances of elements in the surviving primitive stars reflect the masses of the first stars, because the pathways of nucleosynthesis are quite sensitive to stellar masses. Several models have been suggested to explain the origin of the abundance pattern of the giant star HE0107-5240, which hitherto exhibited the highest deficiency of heavy elements known.

Cell density modulates the metastatic aggressiveness of a mouse colon cancer cell line, colon 26.

Objective: Although cell density in cultured cells has demonstrated several alterations in the nature of cell kinetics, the changes in the metastatic aggressiveness of cancer lines under different cell densities have not yet been studied.

Methods: In the current study, we investigated the influence of changing the cell density of cultured cancer cells (colon 26 and B16-F10) injected into the tail vein in BALB/c mice on the metastatic activity by evaluating the number of lung metastases, and the possible mechanisms of this phenomenon were discussed based on the basis of the results of an invasion assay and a cell adhesion assay.

Results: The number of metastatic nodules was significantly higher in the high-density group than in the low one in colon 26 (p < 0.

Malignant transformation of the mouse anorectal epithelium induced by an inoculated human cancer cell line.

Four kinds of human cancer cell lines and one mouse cancer cell line were inoculated into the subepithelial area of the anorectum of female nude mice. Among the cell lines, two cell lines (KATO III and Lu 135) showed the potential enforcement of atypical changes in the adjacent mouse anorectal epithelium. Moreover, the submucosal invasion of the malignant transformed cells of the mouse epithelium was demonstrated in specimens obtained from three KATO III-inoculated mice.

Evidence for segmental bile drainage by hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: Cholangiographic, hepatic venographic, and histologic evaluation of the liver taken at liver transplantation.

Background: The result of hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia (BA) has improved, but there are some patients who experience worsened liver function in the long term after one decrease in jaundice owing to portoenterostomy. However, the cause of the liver dysfunction in the long term has not been clearly ascertained.

Methods: Five patients (5 to 28 years of age) with BA underwent liver transplantation (LT) because of liver dysfunction after successful portoenterostomy.

First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star.

It has been proposed theoretically that the first generation of stars in the Universe (population III) would be as massive as 100 solar masses (100 M(O)), because of inefficient cooling of the precursor gas clouds. Recently, the most iron-deficient (but still carbon-rich) low-mass star--HE0107-5240--was discovered. If this is a population III star that gained its metals (elements heavier than helium) after its formation, it would challenge the theoretical picture of the formation of the first stars.

Podocyte injury promotes progressive nephropathy in zucker diabetic fatty rats.

The zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF-fa/fa) rat is one of the attractive models for type II diabetes based on impaired glucose tolerance caused by the inherited insulin-resistance gene fa. Characterization of nephropathy in this model may provide useful insights into the mechanism of the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The present study analyzed the pathophysiology of diabetes and nephropathy, including the process of glomerulosclerosis in this model by biochemical and morphometric analyses.

High glucose induced VEGF expression via PKC and ERK in glomerular podocytes.

Podocytes are the major site of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in the kidney, and up-regulation of VEGF plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Using a differentiated mouse podocyte cell line, we investigated the roles of protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) on the expression of VEGF under high glucose conditions. High glucose induced up-regulation of VEGF mRNA and protein expression in podocytes via activation of PKC (PKC-alpha and -betaII isoforms) and ERK.