Multidimensional approach to invasive species prevention.

Nonindigenous species (NIS) cause global biotic homogenization and extinctions, with commercial shipping being a leading vector for spread of aquatic NIS. To reduce transport of NIS by ships, regulations requiring ballast water exchange (BWE) have been implemented by numerous countries. BWE appears to effectively reduce risk for freshwater ports, but provides only moderate protection of marine ports.

Fate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry3Bb1 protein in a soil microcosm.

Transgenic crops expressing insecticidal, crystalline (Cry) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins were commercialized in the US in 1996. There is little information in the peer-reviewed literature on the environmental fate of the coleopteran-active Bt Cry3Bb1 protein expressed in event MON863 corn. The exposure characterization of Bt proteins is unique in that the fate of the protein in soil and in crop residue must be considered.

Aquatic fate and effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein: toward risk assessment.

Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal crystalline (Cry) proteins became commercially available in the United States in 1996. In 2006, 19 million ha of Bt corn were planted worldwide, which represents a 10 million ha increase in 10 years. The sustainability of Bt crops is important, because their use has significantly reduced the amount of chemical insecticides necessary to control agricultural pests.

Subacute effects of transgenic crylab bacillus thuringiensis corn litter on the isopods Trachelipus rathkii and armadillidium nasatum.

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the subacute effects of transgenic Cry1Ab corn leaf material containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein on the terrestrial isopods Trachelipus rathkii and Armadillidium nasatum. Survival and growth were measured for eight weeks in isopods fed leaf material of two Bt11 corn varieties, two Monsanto 810 (Mon810) corn varieties, and the isolines of each. Total lipid and protein content of the organisms was measured to examine effects on energetic reserves.