Factors contributing to disparities in trauma care between urban vs rural trauma centers: Towards improving trauma care access and quality of care delivery.

Background: We aim to explore and target factors contributing to disparities in trauma-care outcomes between urban vs rural trauma centers including EMS protocols, trauma centers' (TC) distribution, infrastructure, and hospital resources.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted from January 1988 through April 1st, 2024, using Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane, ProQuest, and PubMed. Included studies evaluated prehospital and in-hospital factors impacting trauma outcomes in urban and rural care settings.

Collegiate student-athletes concussion knowledge and attitudes: what a difference a decade Makes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess changes in concussion knowledge and attitudes amongst incoming intercollegiate student-athletes over the course of a decade (2010-2012 vs 2021-2023).

Methods: There were 592 student-athletes from 2 cohorts (2010-2012, 2021-2023) who completed the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey (ROCKaS) questionnaire which is comprised of a concussion knowledge index (CKI, 0-24) and attitude index (CAI, 15-75) with higher scores reflecting better performance. A three factor ANOVA (Group, Sex, Concussion History) compared performance on the CKI and CAI.

Chloride Enhances DNA Reactivity with Chlorine under Conditions Relevant to Water Treatment.

Free available chlorine (FAC) is widely used to inactivate viruses by oxidizing viral components, including genomes. It is commonly assumed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the chlorinating agent responsible for virus inactivation; however, recent studies have underscored that minor constituents of FAC existing in equilibrium with HOCl, such as molecular chlorine (Cl), can influence FAC reactivity toward select organic compounds. This study measures the FAC reaction kinetics with dsDNA and ssDNA extracted from representative bacteriophages (T3 and ϕX174) in samples augmented with chloride.

Acute Physical and Mental Activity Influence on Concussion Recovery.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) and mental activity (MA) postconcussion has received renewed attention to improve concussion management; however, most protocols start after several days and do not assess the acute window. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess PA and MA in the first 48 h postconcussion on the time to symptom-free status and return to play.

Methods: We recruited 78 NCAA Division I athletes (male, 51.

Stop the Bleed®: Medical Students as Instructors of the Bleeding Control Basics Course.

Background: The Bleeding Control Basics (B-Con) Course was developed to teach lifesaving hemorrhage control techniques to the public. Currently, medical students (MS) without prior clinical experience (CE) may not act as autonomous instructors, limiting the instructor pool.

Purpose: To assess the bleeding control knowledge of MS (phase I) and compare the knowledge of students taught by a certified instructor vs a medical student (phase II).

Impairments in Dynamic Postural Control across Concussion Clinical Milestones.

The aim of this study was to assess gait initiation (GI) performance longitudinally across clinical concussion recovery milestones through return to participation (RTP). We recruited 54 collegiate student-athletes, 27 with concussions and 27 matched controls (15 female and 12 male per group). Participants performed five trials of GI at baseline and again at five post-concussion clinical milestones: 1) Acute, the day clinical tests achieved baseline values on the 2) Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), 3) Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test ImPACT, 4) Asymptomatic, and 5) RTP Day.

The use of a visual motor test to identify lingering deficits in concussed collegiate athletes.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests neurophysiological deficits, such as visual motor coordination (VMC), may persist beyond clinical concussion recovery. Instrumented measurement of upper-limb VMC is critical for neurological evaluation post-concussion and may identify persistent deficits further elucidating persistent neurophysiological impairments not detected by the current clinical assessment battery.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine if a VMC test identifies persistent deficits in concussed collegiate student-athletes who have returned to baseline on clinical concussion assessments.

Differential Effects of Acute and Multiple Concussions on Gait Initiation Performance.

Objective: To identify the effect of acute and multiple concussions on gait initiation performance.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: University research center.

Repetitive Head Impacts in Football Do Not Impair Dynamic Postural Control.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of repetitive head impacts experienced by football players compared to noncontact athletes on dynamic postural control during both single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions.

Methods: Thirty-four football players wearing accelerometer instrumented helmets and 13 cheerleaders performed a dynamic postural control battery, consisting of ST and DT gait initiation, gait, and gait termination, both prior to and following the football season. A 2 (group) × 2 (time) repeated measures ANOVA compared performance across 32 dynamic postural outcomes.

Decreased Anticipatory Postural Adjustments During Gait Initiation Acutely Postconcussion.

Objective: To investigate anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) during the transitional movement task of gait initiation (GI) in individuals acutely after a concussion.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: University research center.

Sport-related concussion induces transient cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.

Recent evidence suggests that concussions may disrupt autonomic cardiovascular control. This study investigated the initial effects of concussion on cardiovascular function using three autonomic reflex tests. Twenty-three recreational athletes (12 women, 11 men) were divided into concussed ( = 12) and control ( = 11) groups.

Evidence of a conservative gait strategy in athletes with a history of concussions.

Background: A history of 3 or more concussions is frequently associated with numerous short- and long-term neuropathologies. Impairments in postural control are a known acute consequence of concussion; however, limited evidence exists on the effects of multiple concussions on gait. The purpose of this study was to assess gait stepping characteristics in collegiate aged student-athletes based on concussion history.

Altered dynamic postural control during gait termination following concussion.

Impaired postural control is a cardinal symptom following concussion. Planned gait termination (GT) is a non-novel, dynamic task that challenges postural control in individuals with neurological deficits, and it could be an impactful measure for identifying dynamic postural control impairments following concussion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess acute post-concussion dynamic postural control utilizing a planned GT task.

Age-associated changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic nerve head.

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and neuroretinal rim (NRR) parameters are often used as a surrogate for retinal ganglion cell content. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between these morphological measures and the aging effects on these structures.

Methods: One hundred thirteen healthy individuals, aged 19 to 76 years, with no prior history of retinal of optic nerve head pathology were recruited.