On the need to better integrate the social environment in research on climate change and health: recommendations and thinking tools.

Social inequality impacts health, is aggravated by the consequences of climate change, and may be influenced by inappropriate policy responses. These interdependent effects create a self-perpetuating loop exacerbating the impact of climate dysregulation on health in an uncontrolled and poorly understood way. Holistic approaches to public health such as One Health, EcoHealth or Planetary Health are well suited to tackling the considerable and complex environmental and social issues underlying climate dysregulation.

The Concept of Health, From Definition to Measurement and the Implications of the Reserves-Based Model for Nursing in France.

Aim: To discuss a reserves-based model of Health, recently developed in the literature, defining Health and moving from conceptual considerations to methods of measuring Health, applicable to nursing practice and research.

Design: Discursive paper.

Methods: A discursive paper critically synthesising a reserves-based model of Health for conceptualising and operationalising Health, with reference to key Health theories from nursing science and social epidemiology.

When in the lifecourse? Socioeconomic position across the lifecourse and biological health score.

Purpose: Educational attainment is associated with multiphysiological wear and tear. However, associations with measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) across different life-stages are not established.

Methods: Using regression models and data from 8105 participants from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society), we examined associations of lifecourse SEP with an overall biological health score (BHS).

Early life stress in relation with risk of overweight, depression, and their comorbidity across adulthood: findings from a British birth cohort.

Background: Multimorbidity, known as the co-occurrence of at least two chronic conditions, has become of increasing concern in the current context of ageing populations, though it affects all ages. Early life risk factors of multimorbidity include adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), particularly associated with psychological conditions and weight problems. Few studies have considered related mechanisms and focus on old age participants.

Educational patterning in biological health seven years apart: Findings from the Tromsø Study.

Background: Social-to-biological processes is one set of mechanisms underlying the relationship between social position and health. However, very few studies have focused on the relationship between social factors and biology at multiple time points. This work investigates the relationship between education and the dynamic changes in a composite Biological Health Score (BHS) using two time points seven years apart in a Norwegian adult population.

The effect of smoking initiation in adolescence on the subsequent smoking trajectories of people who smoke, and the role of adverse childhood experiences: Results from the 1958 British cohort study.

Objective: To examine the association between smoking initiation in adolescence and subsequent different smoking trajectories of people who smoke, and to examine the combined effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and smoking initiation in adolescence on smoking trajectories of people who smoke.

Design And Sample: Data are from 8757 individuals in Great Britain from the birth cohort National Child Development Study and who reported being smokers or former smokers by age 23.

Measurements: Smoking initiation in adolescence was measured at 16 y and smoking trajectories were derived from smoking variables from ages 23 to 55.

[Analysing hypertension in France : A call for an intersectional approach of the cascade of care].

In metropolitan France, estimates suggest that more than one in three adults has hypertension. Low-cost treatments are available, yet fewer than one in four hypertensive adults has a controlled level of hypertension below 140/90 mmHg. This rate is higher in other high-income countries such as Canada (65%) or Germany (52%).

The level of education is associated with an anxiety-depressive state among men and women - findings from France during the first quarter of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Context: It is widely recognised that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted individuals' mental health. However, little emphasis has been put on the possible influence of socio-economic factors in the relationship. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, our objectives were (i) to assess the relationship between education level and mental health in French adults, and (ii) to study the influence of the economic, social, health and the COVID-19-related factors in men and women respectively.

Towards a consensus definition of allostatic load: a multi-cohort, multi-system, multi-biomarker individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis.

Background: Allostatic load (AL) is a multi-system composite index for quantifying physiological dysregulation caused by life course stressors. For over 30 years, an extensive body of research has drawn on the AL framework but has been hampered by the lack of a consistent definition.

Methods: This study analyses data for 67,126 individuals aged 40-111 years participating in 13 different cohort studies and 40 biomarkers across 12 physiological systems: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis, parasympathetic nervous system functioning, oxidative stress, immunological/inflammatory, cardiovascular, respiratory, lipidemia, anthropometric, glucose metabolism, kidney, and liver.

Explaining biological differences between men and women by gendered mechanisms.

Background: The principal aim of this study was to explore if biological differences between men and women can be explained by gendered mechanisms.

Methods: We used data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, including all the living subjects of the cohort at the outcome collection wave (44-45 years). We explored several biomarkers as outcomes: systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, CRP, and cortisol.

Toward a conceptual framework of health and its operational definition: an application in the 1958 British birth cohort.

Background: Defining and measuring Health presents a challenge, partly due to its conceptual pluralism. To measure Health as an ability to adapt and self-manage, we developed an approach within the theoretical framework of resources and reserves over the life course, recently proposed in the literature. We aimed to (i) use the conceptual framework developed to identify indicators of deteriorating health reserves, (ii) construct an overall health measure from these indicators, (iii) evaluate the association between the overall health measure and subsequent health outcomes and (iv) assess the robustness of our method.

Assessing How Social Exposures Are Integrated in Exposome Research: A Scoping Review.

Background: Exposome research aims to describe and understand the extent to which all the exposures in human environments may affect our health over the lifetime. However, the way in which humans interact with their environment is socially patterned. Failing to account for social factors in research exploring the exposome may underestimate the magnitude of the effect of exposures or mask inequalities in the distribution of both exposures and outcomes.

Interaction between patient and general practitioner according to the patient body weight: a cross-sectional survey.

Objective: To analyse whether patient-general practitioner (GP) interaction, measured by their disagreement, varies among overweight or obese patients compared with normal-weight patients.

Methods: Twenty-seven GPs and 585 patients participated in the quantitative phase of the multidisciplinary INTERMEDE project and answered "mirrored" questionnaires collecting both GPs and patients' perceptions on information and advice given at the end of the consultation. Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to explore associations between patient body mass index (BMI) and patient-GP disagreement on information and advice given during the consultation.

Avoiding overadjustment bias in social epidemiology through appropriate covariate selection: a primer.

Obtaining accurate estimates of the causal effects of socioeconomic position (SEP) on health is important for public health interventions. To do this, researchers must identify and adjust for all potential confounding variables, while avoiding inappropriate adjustment for mediator variables on a causal pathway between the exposure and outcome. Unfortunately, 'overadjustment bias' remains a common and under-recognized problem in social epidemiology.

Considering sex and gender in Epidemiology: a challenge beyond terminology. From conceptual analysis to methodological strategies.

Background: Epidemiologists need tools to measure effects of gender, a complex concept originating in the social sciences which is not easily operationalized in the discipline. Our aim is to clarify useful concepts, measures, paths, effects, and analytical strategies to explore mechanisms of health difference between men and women.

Methods: We reviewed concepts to clarify their definitions and limitations for their translation into usable measures in Epidemiology.

Association of neighbourhood disadvantage and individual socioeconomic position with all-cause mortality: a longitudinal multicohort analysis.

Background: Few studies have examined the interactions between individual socioeconomic position and neighbourhood deprivation and the findings so far are heterogeneous. Using a large sample of diverse cohorts, we investigated the interaction effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and individual socioeconomic position, assessed using education, on mortality.

Methods: We did a longitudinal multicohort analysis that included six cohort studies participating in the European LIFEPATH consortium: the CoLaus (Lausanne, Switzerland), E3N (France), EPIC-Turin (Turin, Italy), EPIPorto (Porto, Portugal), Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (Melbourne, VIC, Australia), and Whitehall II (London, UK) cohorts.

Neighbourhood socio-economic vulnerability and access to COVID-19 healthcare during the first two waves of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland: A gender perspective.

Background: Neighbourhood socio-economic inequities have been shown to affect COVID-19 incidence and mortality, as well as access to tests. This article aimed to study how associations of inequities and COVID-19 outcomes varied between the first two pandemic waves from a gender perspective.

Methods: We performed an ecological study based on the COVID-19 database of Geneva between Feb 26, 2020, and June 1, 2021.

The effect of social deprivation on the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in France: a population-based analysis.

Background: Data on health inequalities related to the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in France are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between an area-based deprivation indicator and SARS-CoV-2 incidence, positivity, and testing rates between May 2020 and April 2021.

Methods: We analysed data reported to the Système d'Information de Dépistage Populationnel surveillance system between May 14, 2020 and April 29, 2021, which records the results of all SARS-CoV-2 tests in France.