Benefits and limitations of isokinetic force assessments in swimmer's shoulders: A systematic review.

Objective: To indicate the benefits and limitations of the isokinetic test results for the performance of the main shoulder joint movements in swimmers, considering the different competitive levels, swimming techniques, race distances, and sex.

Methods: Search on the PubMed, CENTRAL, Medline, LILACS, and SCOPUS databases for the oldest records up to October 2022. Risk of bias, methodological quality, and level of evidence were evaluated based on the NHLBI checklist.

Swimmers' Effective Actions during the Backstroke Start Technique.

The analysis of the external forces of swimming starts has revealed how swimmers propel themselves out of the block, but data should be properly interpreted to fully understand force-generation mechanisms. This study aimed to assess horizontal and vertical forces in the backstroke start based on swimmers' structural and propulsive actions. Firstly, a simulated structural force was estimated by two transient backstroke-start inter-segmental realistic body positions: a maximally tucked position and an extended one (just before the hands-off and the take-off, respectively).

Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: a systematic review.

Individual starts for ventral and dorsal swimming events have changed. After the introduction of back plate and wedge, some studies (mainly on ventral starts) have aimed to clarify their benefits and optimal application. This systematic review is aimed at a critical appraise of the literature on the main findings for back plate and wedge usage.

Identification of non-validated endocrine disrupting chemical characterization methods by screening of the literature using artificial intelligence and by database exploration.

Background: Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) represents a critical public health threat. Several adverse health outcomes (e.g.

Individual performances and biochemical pathways as altered by field-realistic exposures of current-use fungicides and their mixtures in a non-target species, Gammarus fossarum.

Persistent fungicides, which are widely applied to agricultural soils to protect crops, are frequently detected in freshwaters because of hydraulic transfer, possibly resulting in unintentional adverse effects on wildlife. However, the ecotoxicity of fungicides in aquatic species remains scarcely assessed at environmentally relevant concentrations, and there is scant information available on their combined effects. This study aims at investigating multi-level changes elicited by two currently used fungicides, boscalid and tebuconazole, in the amphipod Gammarus fossarum.

Evaluation isometric and isokinetic of trunk flexor and extensor muscles with isokinetic dynamometer: A systematic review.

Objective: To systematically review the literature analyzing the reliability and characteristics of the protocols of isokinetic and isometric evaluation of the trunk flexor and extensor muscles with isokinetic dynamometer.

Methods: This is a systematic review using PubMed, CENTRAL, LILACS, PEDro and SCOPUS databases, searching the oldest records up to December 2019. The risk of bias, the methodological quality and the level of evidence were evaluated using the COSMIN checklist.

Single and combined effects of insecticides on multi-level biomarkers in the non-target amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to environmentally realistic levels.

Aquatic media are ultimate recipients of various contaminants including pesticides pervasively applied in agrosystems. Characterizing the ecotoxicity of pesticides and their mixtures to aquatic wildlife at field-realistic levels is thus crucial for environmental risk assessment. This study aims at assessing the effects of two current-use insecticides, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, on Gammarus fossarum using multi-level biomarkers.

Predicting centre of mass horizontal speed in low to severe swimming intensities with linear and non-linear models.

We aimed to compare multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, radial basis function neural networks (RBF) and linear models (LM) accuracy to predict the centre of mass (CM) horizontal speed at low-moderate, heavy and severe swimming intensities using physiological and biomechanical dataset. Ten trained male swimmers completed a 7 × 200 m front crawl protocol (0.05 m.

Lateral kinetic proficiency and asymmetry in backstroke start performed with horizontal and vertical handgrips.

We aimed to compare preferred, non-preferred, hand, foot kinetics and their asymmetry in two backstroke start variants. Complementarily, asymmetries were correlated to the resultant take-off velocity. Nine swimmers completed four 15 m backstroke starts with horizontal handgrips and four with vertical handgrips on an instrumented block (right, left hand, foot forces and impulse, normalised to swimmers' weight and time).

Eccentric flywheel post-activation potentiation influences swimming start performance kinetics.

This study aimed to assess the effects of post-activation potentiation in the strength related variables of a kick start. Thirteen competitive swimmers performed three kick starts after a standardized warm up (denoted USUAL) and another after inducing post-activation through five isotonic repetitions on an eccentric flywheel (denoted PAP). A T-test was used to quantify differences between USUAL and PAP warm up.

Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements?

Background: The purpose of the present research was to analyze the modifications on aerobic swimming performance indicators after performing traditional and reverse training periodizations (TTP and RTP, respectively).

Methods: Seventeen trained swimmers were divided into two groups: one group (N.=7) performed 10 weeks of TTP (based on high volumes and an increased intensity during the program) and the second one (N.

Modelling and Predicting Backstroke Start Performance Using Non-Linear and Linear Models.

Our aim was to compare non-linear and linear mathematical model responses for backstroke start performance prediction. Ten swimmers randomly completed eight 15 m backstroke starts with feet over the wedge, four with hands on the highest horizontal and four on the vertical handgrip. Swimmers were videotaped using a dual media camera set-up, with the starts being performed over an instrumented block with four force plates.

The effect of different foot and hand set-up positions on backstroke start performance.

Foot and hand set-up position effects were analysed on backstroke start performance. Ten swimmers randomly completed 27 starts grouped in trials (n = 3) of each variation, changing foot (totally immersed, partially and totally emerged) and hand (lowest, highest horizontal and vertical) positioning. Fifteen cameras recorded kinematics, and four force plates collected hands and feet kinetics.

Biophysical Determinants of Front-Crawl Swimming at Moderate and Severe Intensities.

Purpose: To conduct a biophysical analysis of the factors associated with front-crawl performance at moderate and severe swimming intensities, represented by anaerobic-threshold (vAnT) and maximal-oxygen-uptake (vV̇Omax) velocities.

Methods: Ten high-level swimmers performed 2 intermittent incremental tests of 7 × 200 and 12 × 25 m (through a system of underwater push-off pads) to assess vAnT, and vV̇Omax, and power output. The 1st protocol was videotaped (3D reconstruction) for kinematic analysis to assess stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), propelling efficiency (η), and index of coordination (IdC).

The Effect of Intensity on 3-Dimensional Kinematics and Coordination in Front-Crawl Swimming.

Background: Coaches are often challenged to optimize swimmers' technique at different training and competition intensities, but 3-dimensional (3D) analysis has not been conducted for a wide range of training zones.

Purpose: To analyze front-crawl 3D kinematics and interlimb coordination from low to severe swimming intensities.

Methods: Ten male swimmers performed a 200-m front crawl at 7 incrementally increasing paces until exhaustion (0.

Neuromuscular Activity of Upper and Lower Limbs during two Backstroke Swimming Start Variants.

A proficient start is decisive in sprint competitive swimming events and requires swimmers' to exert maximal forces in a short period to complete the task successfully. The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity in-between the backstroke start with feet positioned parallel and partially emerged performed with the hands on the highest horizontal and on the vertical handgrip at hands-off, take-off, flight and entry start phases. EMG comparisons between starting variants were supported by upper and lower limb joint angles at starting position and 15 m start time data.

The effects of intensity on V̇O2 kinetics during incremental free swimming.

Swimming and training are carried out with wide variability in distances and intensities. However, oxygen uptake kinetics for the intensities seen in swimming has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the oxygen uptake kinetics throughout low-moderate to severe intensities during incremental swimming exercise.

Reconstruction Accuracy Assessment of Surface and Underwater 3D Motion Analysis: A New Approach.

This study assessed accuracy of surface and underwater 3D reconstruction of a calibration volume with and without homography. A calibration volume (6000 × 2000 × 2500 mm) with 236 markers (64 above and 88 underwater control points--with 8 common points at water surface--and 92 validation points) was positioned on a 25 m swimming pool and recorded with two surface and four underwater cameras. Planar homography estimation for each calibration plane was computed to perform image rectification.

The backstroke swimming start: state of the art.

As sprint swimming events can be decided by margins as small as .01 s, thus, an effective start is essential. This study reviews and discusses the 'state of the art' literature regarding backstroke start biomechanics from 23 documents.

Backstroke start kinematic and kinetic changes due to different feet positioning.

The backstroke swimming start international rules changed in 2005. This study compared two backstroke start variants, both with feet parallel to each other but in complete immersion and emersion. Six elite swimmers performed two sets of 4 maximal 15 m bouts, each set using one of the variants.

Effects of fatigue on kinematical parameters during submaximal and maximal 100-m butterfly bouts.

We aimed to analyze the effects of fatigue on kinematical parameters during submaximal and maximal butterfly. Seven female swimmers performed two randomized 100-m butterfly bouts, at submaximal velocity and at maximal velocity in 25-m pool. During the 1st and 4th laps of each 100 m, kinematic data were recorded by two video cameras (above and below water) on the sagittal plane.