Moyamoya disease: a review of the literature.

Moyamoya disease is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder that can be congenital or acquired and involves progressive stenosis and occlusion of cerebral arteries. The brain through compensatory angeogenesis then attempts to compensate for ischemia by producing a local network of tiny blood vessels, which appear cloud-like on angiograms. Consistent with multifocal or diffuse areas of ischemia, people with moyamoya often have multiple areas of cognitive impairment.

The value of embedded measures in detecting suboptimal effort in children: an investigation into the WISC-IV Digit Span and CMS Verbal Memory subtests.

The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a measure of test-taking effort that has traditionally been utilized with adults but more recently has demonstrated utility with children. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether commonly used neuropsychological measures can be used as embedded measures in detecting effort during testing. Participants (N = 75) who completed neuropsychological evaluations including the TOMM, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Digit Span, Children's Memory Scale (CMS) Verbal Memory, and other neuropsychological measures were divided into two groups: Optimal Effort and Suboptimal Effort, based on their TOMM Trial 2 scores.