Payment models and the sustainability of community pharmacy practice: a qualitative interview study with community pharmacists.

Background: The sustainability of community pharmacies in the United States depends, in large part, on policies enacted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In 2003, CMS policy allowed retrospective direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees to manage costs. From 2024, only prospective DIR fees are permitted.

Considering the Role of Behavioural Fatigue in the COVID-19 Lockdown Debates in Great Britain: A Retrospective Analysis of a National Survey Assessing the Relationships between Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the term "behavioural fatigue" became the centre of policy debates in Great Britain. These debates involved deciding when to go into lockdown and whether behavioural interventions could be effective. Behavioural interventions can only succeed where people's Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations to perform target behaviours are supported.

Cluster randomised evaluation of a training intervention to increase the use of statistical process control charts for hospitals in England: making data count.

Background: The way that data are presented can influence quality and safety initiatives. Time-series charts highlight changes but do not clarify whether data lie outside expected variation. Statistical process control (SPC) charts make this distinction and have been demonstrated to be effective in supporting hospital initiatives.

Combining artificial neural networks and a marginal structural model to predict the progression from depression to Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Decades of research in population health have established depression as a likely precursor to Alzheimer's disease. A combination of causal estimates and machine learning methods in artificial intelligence could identify internal and external mediating mechanisms that contribute to the likelihood of progression from depression to Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: We developed an integrated predictive model, combining the marginal structural model and an artificial intelligence predictive model, distinguishing between patients likely to progress from depressive states to Alzheimer's disease better than each model alone.

Health care professionals' knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing for the treatment of urinary tract infections: A systematic review.

Purpose: Previous models identify knowledge and attitudes that influence prescribing behaviour. The present study focuses on antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections (UTIs) to describe levels of health care professionals' knowledge and attitude factors in this area and how those levels are assessed.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify studies assessing the identified knowledge or attitude factors influencing health care professionals' antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections up to September 2022.

Protocol for a cluster randomised waitlist-controlled trial of a goal-based behaviour change intervention for employees in workplaces enrolled in health and wellbeing initiatives.

Many workplaces offer health and wellbeing initiatives to their staff as recommended by international and national health organisations. Despite their potential, the influence of these initiatives on health behaviour appears limited and evaluations of their effectiveness are rare. In this research, we propose evaluating the effectiveness of an established behaviour change intervention in a new workplace context.

Can guidelines rein in oxygen use? A retrospective cross-sectional study using routinely collected data.

Oxygen is one of the most commonly used emergency therapies. Like other therapies, oxygen can cause harm if used inappropriately. During the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines were released to optimize oxygen and medication use.

Using multi-criteria decision analysis to describe stakeholder preferences for new quality improvement initiatives that could optimise prescribing in England.

Background: Hospital decision-makers have limited resources to implement quality improvement projects. To decide which interventions to take forward, trade-offs must be considered that inevitably turn on stakeholder preferences. The multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach could make this decision process more transparent.

: Efficacy and acceptability of 'nudges' aimed at promoting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use: a survey of overseas born men who have sex with men.

Background: This study explores the potential for behavioural economics techniques called 'nudges' to encourage the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by overseas-born men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. We investigated the preferences of overseas-born MSM for different nudges and the effect of nudges on reported likelihood of seeking information about PrEP.

Methods: We conducted an online survey of overseas-born MSM, in which they were asked: (1) how likely they and a relevant friend would be to click on PrEP advertisements that used behavioural economics strategies; and (2) what they most and least liked about each ad.

A qualitative evaluation of a Nudgeathon event for the co-design of sexual health campaign images targeting overseas-born men who have sex with men.

Background: Additional approaches to HIV prevention and management, such as Nudgeathons, are required to increase access to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among overseas-born men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods: In September 2021, we conducted a 4-h online Nudgeathon, wherein four teams co-designed behaviourally informed adverts to improve PrEP access and uptake for overseas-born MSM. After the Nudgeathon, eight of 17 invited Nudgeathon attendees were interviewed about their experience.

Efficacy and acceptability of 'nudges' aimed at promoting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use: a survey of overseas born men who have sex with men.

Background: This study explores the potential for behavioural economics techniques called 'nudges' to encourage the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by overseas-born men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. We investigated the preferences of overseas-born MSM for different nudges and the effect of nudges on reported likelihood of seeking information about PrEP.

Methods: We conducted an online survey of overseas-born MSM, in which they were asked: (1) how likely they and a relevant friend would be to click on PrEP advertisements that used behavioural economics strategies; and (2) what they most and least liked about each ad.

A workshop to co-design messages that may increase uptake of vaccines: A case study.

The present case study describes a co-produced and theoretically informed workshop wherein messages were co-designed to increase the uptake of future COVID-19 vaccines in the United Kingdom. Co-design can enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of public interventions, but many researchers, service providers, and policymakers may be uncertain where to start. This demonstrative example applies behavioural science and design thinking theory, illustrating how others can integrate theoretically informed co-design into similar and more complex projects efficiently.

Applying Behavioural Insights to HIV Prevention and Management: a Scoping Review.

Purpose Of Review: This scoping review summarises the literature on HIV prevention and management interventions utilizing behavioural economic principles encapsulated in the MINDSPACE framework.

Recent Findings: MINDSPACE is an acronym developed by the UK's behavioural insights team to summarise nine key influences on human behaviour: Messenger, Incentives, Norms, Default, Salience, Priming, Affect, Commitment, and Ego. These effects have been used in various settings to design interventions that encourage positive behaviours.

Implementation and Evaluation of Two Nudges in a Hospital's Electronic Prescribing System to Optimise Cost-Effective Prescribing.

Providing healthcare workers with cost information about the medications they prescribe can influence their decisions. The current study aimed to analyse the impact of two nudges that presented cost information to prescribers through a hospital's electronic prescribing system. The nudges were co-created by the research team: four behavioural scientists and the lead hospital pharmacist.

Evaluating the relationship between moral values and vaccine hesitancy in Great Britain during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey.

Rational/objective: Mandating vaccinations can harm public trust, and informational interventions can backfire. An alternative approach could align pro-vaccination messages with the automatic moral values and intuitions that vaccine-hesitant people endorse. The current study evaluates the relationships between six automatic moral intuitions and vaccine hesitancy.

Retrospective evaluation of an intervention based on training sessions to increase the use of control charts in hospitals.

Background: Statistical process control charts (SPCs) distinguish signal from noise in quality and safety metrics and thus enable resources to be targeted towards the most suitable actions for improving processes and outcomes. Nevertheless, according to a recent study, SPCs are not widely used by hospital boards in England. To address this, an educational training initiative with training sessions lasting less than one and a half days was established to increase uptake of SPCs in board papers.

Instruments used to measure knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals towards antibiotic use for the treatment of urinary tract infections: A systematic review.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common condition (after upper respiratory tract infections) for which adults receive antibiotics, and this prevalence may contribute to antibiotic resistance. Knowledge and attitudes have been identified as potential determinants of antibiotic prescribing behaviour among healthcare professionals in the treatment and management of UTIs. An instrument that captures prescribers' baseline knowledge of and attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing for UTIs could inform interventions to enhance prescribing.

Interventions for the prevention of adrenal crisis in adults with primary adrenal insufficiency: a systematic review.

Objective: The incidence of adrenal crisis (AC) remains high, particularly for people with primary adrenal insufficiency, despite the introduction of behavioural interventions. The present study aimed to identify and evaluate available evidence of interventions aiming to prevent AC in primary adrenal insufficiency.

Design: This study is a systematic review of the literature and theoretical mapping.

A Systematic Review of Nudge Interventions to Optimize Medication Prescribing.

The benefits of medication optimization are largely uncontroversial but difficult to achieve. Behavior change interventions aiming to optimize prescriber medication-related decisions, which do not forbid any option and that do not significantly change financial incentives, offer a promising way forward. These interventions are often referred to as nudges.

A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances.

Background: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiveness of these primes, both in isolation and in combination, at the entry way to four separate wards, over a longer duration than the previous work.

Methods: A crossover randomized controlled trial was conducted.

#LetsUnlitterUK: A demonstration and evaluation of the Behavior Change Wheel methodology.

The Behavior Change Wheel is the most comprehensive and practically useful methodology available for developing behavior change interventions. The current article demonstrates how it can be applied to optimize pro-environmental behaviors and, in so doing, give interventionists access to a rigorous set of theories and techniques for systematically developing pro-environmental interventions. Section 1 describes the development of an intervention to increase people's intentions to post anti-littering messages on social media.

Examining organisational responses to performance-based financial incentive systems: a case study using NHS staff influenza vaccination rates from 2012/2013 to 2019/2020.

Objective: Financial incentives are often applied to motivate desirable performance across organisations in healthcare systems. In the 2016/2017 financial year, the National Health Service (NHS) in England set a national performance-based incentive to increase uptake of the influenza vaccination among frontline staff. Since then, the threshold levels needed for hospital trusts to achieve the incentive (ie, the targets) have ranged from 70% to 80%.

A mixed-methods study describing behavioral factors that influenced general practitioners' experiences using triage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, general practices were asked to expand triage and to reduce unnecessary face-to-face contact by prioritizing other consultation modes, e.g., online messaging, video, or telephone.

An online randomized controlled trial and survey of behavioural factors influencing patients' willingness to attend a video consultation.

Objectives: To examine whether the phrasing of a hospital appointment invitation influences patient preference to attend in person or by video. The study also explores patient capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to attend video consultations.

Design: A randomized controlled trial followed by a cross-sectional survey.