Associations between dietary patterns and intestinal inflammation among HIV-infected and uninfected adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania.

The increased burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is fueled by lifestyle factors including diet. This cross-sectional study explored among Tanzanian adults whether unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with intestinal and systemic inflammation which could increase the risk of NCDs. The study included 574 participants, with both diet and inflammatory markers data.

Selection of Honey Bee () Genotypes for Three Generations of Low and High Population Growth of the Mite .

Honey bee () population declines have been associated with the parasitic mite, , which is currently primarily controlled by the use of acaricides. An alternative is to breed for resistance to , which was conducted in this study by bidirectional selection for mite fall to obtain colonies with low (resistant) or high (susceptible) population growth (LVG and HVG, respectively). Selection for three generations resulted in approx.

Therapeutic interventions targeting enteropathy in severe acute malnutrition modulate systemic and vascular inflammation and epithelial regeneration.

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the most life-threatening form of undernutrition, and children hospitalised with complications have unacceptably high mortality. Complicated SAM is a multisystem disease characterised pathophysiologically by muscle wasting, systemic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and malnutrition enteropathy including epithelial barrier dysfunction. There is a clear need for novel interventions to address the underlying pathogenic perturbations of complicated SAM.

'Mental heAlth and well-being in rUgby pLayers' (MAUL) study: an online survey of diverse cohorts of rugby union players internationally.

Introduction: Mental health and well-being is a relatively under-researched area in rugby, especially outside the elite men's game. Evidence suggests that physical activity and sports benefit mental health and well-being, and rugby provides health-enhancing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

Objective: This cross-sectional study used an online approach and engaged national rugby governing bodies to understand adult rugby players' mental health and well-being and increase the diversity of the current evidence base.

Systemic biological mechanisms underpin poor post-discharge growth among severely wasted children with HIV.

In sub-Saharan Africa, children with severe malnutrition (SM) and HIV have substantially worse outcomes than children with SM alone, facing higher mortality risk and impaired nutritional recovery post-hospitalisation. Biological mechanisms underpinning this risk remain incompletely understood. This case-control study nested within the CHAIN cohort in Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, and Burkina Faso examined effect of HIV on six months post-discharge growth among children with SM and those at risk of malnutrition, assessed proteomic signatures associated with HIV in these children, and investigated how these systemic processes impact post-discharge growth in children with SM.

Efficacy and safety of prostate radiotherapy in de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PEACE-1): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study with a 2 × 2 factorial design.

Background: The 2 × 2 PEACE-1 study showed that combining androgen-deprivation therapy with docetaxel and abiraterone improved overall and radiographic progression-free survival in patients with de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. We aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of adding radiotherapy in this population.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design (PEACE-1) at 77 hospitals across Europe.

The seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction: structure generation methods.

A seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction was organized by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre featuring seven target systems of varying complexity: a silicon and iodine-containing molecule, a copper coordination complex, a near-rigid molecule, a cocrystal, a polymorphic small agrochemical, a highly flexible polymorphic drug candidate, and a polymorphic morpholine salt. In this first of two parts focusing on structure generation methods, many crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods performed well for the small but flexible agrochemical compound, successfully reproducing the experimentally observed crystal structures, while few groups were successful for the systems of higher complexity. A powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) assisted exercise demonstrated the use of CSP in successfully determining a crystal structure from a low-quality PXRD pattern.

Enteric pathogens relationship with small bowel histologic features of environmental enteric dysfunction in a multicountry cohort study.

Background: Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) is an acquired disorder of asymptomatic altered gut function, the etiology of which is unknown. EED is postulated to be a major contributor to growth faltering in early childhood in regions where early-life enteropathogenic carriage is prevalent. Few studies have examined the critical organ (the upper small bowel) with enteropathogens in the evolution of small bowel disease.

Biomarker relationships with small bowel histopathology among malnourished children with environmental enteric dysfunction in a multicountry cohort study.

Background: Validated biomarkers could catalyze environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) research.

Objectives: Leveraging an EED histology scoring system, this multicountry analysis examined biomarker associations with duodenal histology features among children with EED. We also examined differences in 2-h compared with 1-h urine collections in the lactulose rhamnose (LR) dual sugar test.

Anthropometry relationship with duodenal histologic features of children with environmental enteric dysfunction: a multicenter cross-sectional study.

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a precursor of growth faltering in children living in impoverished conditions who are frequently exposed to environmental toxins and enteropathogens, leading to small bowel inflammatory, malabsorptive, and permeability derangements and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation.

Objectives: We explored the association between anthropometrics and duodenal histologic features of EED among children from 3 lower middle-income country centers.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Pakistani children (n = 63) with wasting, Bangladesh children (n = 116) with stunting or at risk for stunting (height-for-age Z score [HAZ] <-1 but ≥-2), and Zambian children (n = 108) with wasting or stunting received nutritional intervention.

Duodenal transcriptomics demonstrates signatures of tissue inflammation and immune cell infiltration in children with environmental enteric dysfunction across global centers.

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an inflammatory condition of the small intestine that is prevalent in children residing in low- and middle-income countries. EED is accompanied by profound histopathologic changes in the small bowel, loss of absorptive capacity, increased intestinal permeability, increased microbial translocation, and nutrient loss.

Objectives: We sought to identify dysregulated genes and pathways that might underlie pediatric EED.

Multiplexed immunohistochemical evaluation of small bowel inflammatory and epithelial parameters in environmental enteric dysfunction.

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is characterized by reduced absorptive capacity and barrier function of the small intestine, leading to poor ponderal and linear childhood growth.

Objectives: To further define gene expression patterns that are associated with EED to uncover new pathophysiology of this disorder.

Methods: Duodenal biopsies from cohorts of children with EED from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Zambia were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to interrogate gene products that distinguished differentiation and various biochemical pathways in immune and epithelial cells, some identified by prior bulk RNA sequence analyses.

The tales of two cities: use of evidence for introducing 20 miles per hour speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast (United Kingdom).

Background: In 2016, large-scale 20 miles per hour speed limits were introduced in the United Kingdom cities of Edinburgh and Belfast. This paper investigates the role that scientific evidence played in the policy decisions to implement lower speed limits in the two cities.

Methods: Using a qualitative case study design, we undertook content analysis of a range of documents to explore and describe the evolution of the two schemes and the ways in which evidence informed decision-making.

Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Rearranged Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnostic Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities.

A 57-year-old male underwent an open right radical nephrectomy in 2015 for a 3-cm kidney tumor which was classified at the time as a combined tubulocystic and collecting duct carcinoma. One of six nodes was positive for metastatic carcinoma and the patient received adjuvant carboplatin/gemcitabine chemotherapy. In 2020, he developed enlarging retroperitoneal adenopathy and underwent a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection with 11 of 13 nodes in the resected specimen positive for the previously described renal carcinoma, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy.

An Unusual Presentation of Leptospirosis: A Case of Septic Shock and Proteinuria.

Leptospirosis is a global health concern, particularly in tropical regions, with clinical symptoms varying from mild fever to severe organ dysfunction. We present a case of a 57-year-old male with septic shock and acute kidney injury due to acute leptospirosis. The patient's rapid progression to shock within a day of generalized symptoms was unusual.