The cognitive resource and foreknowledge dependence of auditory perceptual inference.

Auditory perceptual inference engages learning of complex statistical information about the environment. Inferences assist us to simplify perception highlighting what can be predicted on the basis of prior learning (through the formation of internal "prediction" models) and what might be new, potentially necessitating an investment of resources to remodel predictions. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that sound sequences with multiple levels of predictability may rely on cognitive resources and be cognitively penetrable to a greater extent than was previously shown by studies presenting simpler sound sequences.

Novel utility of cryoablation for ventricular arrhythmias arising from the left aortic cusp near the left main coronary artery: a case series.

Background: Ablation of ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular contraction arising at the aortic root has been described. The use of radiofrequency ablation energy has been associated with life-threatening collateral damage. The use of cryoablation as a safer alternative energy source at the aortic root has not been previously described.

Conduction disorders after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a focused review.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a less invasive approach to aortic valve replacement than traditional open chest surgery. It has been very successful in elderly and sick patients who might have otherwise been turned down for surgery. However, many patients who have the procedure develop conduction disease, including new LBBB or complete heart block, and may need permanent pacing or ongoing follow-up to monitor for worsening conduction problems.

Reduced glycosaminoglycan sulfation diminishes the agrin signal transduction pathway.

Proteoglycans consist of a protein core complexed to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, are abundant in skeletal muscle cell membranes and basal lamina, and have important functions in neuromuscular synapse development. Treatment with chlorate results in the undersulfation of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate GAGs in cell culture. In addition, chlorate treatment decreases the frequency of spontaneous acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering in skeletal muscle cell culture.