Publications by authors named "Kelly M Reavis"

Measurement error and information bias are ubiquitous in epidemiology, yet directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are infrequently used to represent them, in contrast with confounding and selection bias. This represents a missed opportunity to leverage the full utility of DAGs to depict associations between the variables we actually analyse in practice: empirically measured variables, which are necessarily measured with error. In this article, we focus on applying causal diagrams to depict the data-generating mechanisms that give rise to the data we analyse, including measurement error.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates how military blast exposure impacts functional disability among veterans, using functional disability as a measure of quality of life.
  • It involved 540 veterans, assessing their experiences with blast exposure, tinnitus, and hearing loss over 5 years through disability questionnaires.
  • Findings indicated that veterans with blast exposure, especially those with tinnitus and hearing loss, had significantly higher odds of experiencing moderate to high functional disability, ultimately suggesting that these factors severely diminish their quality of life.
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Importance: The risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD) after objective hearing loss is unknown. PD studies using self-reported hearing loss are insensitive, and objective data are lacking.

Objective: To examine the association of hearing loss with incident PD in US veterans and its effect modification by well-established prodromal conditions and hearing aids.

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Objective: Examine associations between military blast exposures on hearing loss and self-reported hearing difficulties among Active-Duty Service Members (ADSM) and Veterans from the Noise Outcomes in Servicemembers Epidemiology (NOISE) study.

Study Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Multi-institutional tertiary referral centers.

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Objective: To describe associations between a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the severity of tinnitus-related functional impairment among a national, stratified random sample of veterans diagnosed with tinnitus by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system.

Setting: A multimodal (mailed and internet) survey administered in 2018. Participants: VA healthcare-using veterans diagnosed with tinnitus; veterans with comorbid TBI diagnosis were oversampled.

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Article Synopsis
  • The VA's NCRAR was established in 1997 and has been continuously funded to enhance the quality of life for Veterans with hearing and balance issues.
  • The center conducts clinical research, develops technology, and provides education aimed at improving patient care.
  • A significant focus has been on tinnitus research, with various investigators receiving grants to explore clinical and rehabilitative approaches from the center's founding until 2021.
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  • * A study using a population-based survey found that higher tinnitus severity scores are associated with a greater impact on work functioning among Veterans.
  • * Veterans with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are more likely to experience a high impact from tinnitus on their work, although the severity of tinnitus affects work functioning similarly for both those with and without TBI.
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Objective: Identify associations between self-reported history of military and nonmilitary traumatic brain injury (TBI) on hearing loss and hearing difficulty from the Noise Outcomes in Servicemembers Epidemiology (NOISE) study.

Study Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Multi-institutional tertiary referral centers.

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Article Synopsis
  • Dizziness is common among U.S. military personnel and Veterans, but its prevalence and causes, particularly related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and blast exposure, haven't been fully explored.
  • In a study of 424 service members and 492 Veterans, 22% and 31% reported experiencing dizziness, respectively, with a significant increase in likelihood for those with TBI history.
  • The findings suggest that a history of TBI, regardless of blast exposure, is linked to higher reports of dizziness, indicating that treatment for dizziness related to TBI may not need to differentiate based on how the injury occurred.
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  • The study aimed to determine how common hyperacusis is among Veterans seeking treatment, especially when it exists alongside other medical conditions.
  • The research analyzed electronic health records from Veterans between January 2015 and July 2021, identifying hyperacusis using specific diagnostic codes.
  • Findings revealed a low prevalence rate of hyperacusis at 0.06%, with a significantly higher likelihood in Veterans also diagnosed with conditions like tinnitus or PTSD, highlighting the need for better diagnostic standards and more focus on hyperacusis in future studies.
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Objectives: This article describes key data sources and methods used to estimate hearing loss in the United States, in the Global Burden of Disease study. Then, trends in hearing loss are described for 2019, including temporal trends from 1990 to 2019, changing prevalence over age, severity patterns, and utilization of hearing aids.

Design: We utilized population-representative surveys from the United States to estimate hearing loss prevalence for the Global Burden of Disease study.

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Purpose: Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) provide an objective assessment of cochlear function and are used for serial ototoxicity monitoring in pediatric cancer patients. DPOAEs are modeled as having distortion (near ) and reflection (near 2-) component sources, and developmental changes are observed in these components' relative strengths in infants compared with adults. However, little is known about source component strengths in childhood or at extended high frequencies (EHFs; > 8 kHz).

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Purpose: The Tinnitus Screener was introduced in 2015 as a four-item algorithmic instrument to assess the temporal characteristics of a person's reported tinnitus. The Tinnitus Screener was then revised as a six-item version to include a new temporal category and to capture tinnitus duration (acute < 6 months vs. chronic ≥ 6 months).

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Although animal models show a clear link between noise exposure and damage to afferent cochlear synapses, the relationship between noise exposure and efferent function appears to be more complex. Animal studies indicate that high intensity noise exposure reduces efferent medial olivocochlear (MOC) reflex strength, whereas chronic moderate noise exposure is associated with a conditioning effect that enhances the MOC reflex. The MOC reflex is predicted to improve speech-in-noise perception and protects against noise-induced auditory damage by reducing cochlear gain.

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There is robust evidence that sex (biological) and gender (behavioral/social) differences influence hearing loss risk and outcomes. These differences are noted for animals and humans-in the occurrence of hearing loss, hearing loss progression, and response to interventions. Nevertheless, many studies have not reported or disaggregated data by sex or gender.

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Objective: This study evaluated the influence of tinnitus and hearing loss on the functional status of military Service members and Veterans.

Design: Participants completed audiologic testing and self-report instruments to assess tinnitus, hearing, and general functioning. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses using cross-sectional data with functional status as the dependent variable.

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Objective: To examine associations between non-otologic medical conditions and auditory dysfunction.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Noise Outcomes in Service members Epidemiology (NOISE) study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between medical conditions (0, 1, and 2 or more conditions) and auditory dysfunction (hearing loss pure tone average ≥20 dB HL and tinnitus), adjusting for key confounders including noise exposure.

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Purpose: Human studies of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy using physiological indicators identified in animal models (auditory brainstem response [ABR] Wave I amplitude, envelope following response [EFR], and middle ear muscle reflex [MEMR]) have yielded mixed findings. Differences in the population studied may have contributed to the differing results. For example, due to differences in the intensity level of the noise exposure, noise-induced synaptopathy may be easier to detect in a military Veteran population than in populations with recreational noise exposure.

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Purpose Evidence suggests that military blast exposure may lead to self-reported hearing difficulties despite audiometrically normal hearing. Research identifying potential mechanisms of this association remains limited. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the associations between blast, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and self-reported hearing difficulty, and to examine PTSD as a possible mediator of the association between blast exposure and hearing difficulty.

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Purpose A need exists to investigate the short- and long-term impact of noise exposures during and following military service on auditory health. Currently available questionnaires are limited in their ability to meet this need because of (a) inability to evaluate noise exposures beyond a limited time frame, (b) lack of consensus on scoring, (c) inability to assess impulse exposures (e.g.

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Objectives: Military Service members and Veterans commonly report hearing loss and tinnitus, both of which can result in significant disability. During military service, Service members are exposed to many different types of loud noise, which is strongly associated with hearing loss and tinnitus. Other military-related exposures, such as chemicals and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are also linked with auditory problems.

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Objectives: Auditory impairments, particularly those resulting from hazardous occupational noise exposures, are pressing concerns for the US Departments of Defense (DoD) and Veterans Affairs (VA). However, to date, no studies have estimated the rate of hearing threshold change that occurs during service or how changes may vary by military occupation. Hearing threshold changes during military service have historically been reported as the proportion of Service members demonstrating a significant threshold shift.

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Introduction: Tinnitus is prevalent among Service members and Veterans and is often comorbid with mental health disorders. Associations between the severity of individuals' tinnitus and mental health symptoms are not well described.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a population-based survey of a stratified random sample of 1,800 Veterans diagnosed with tinnitus.

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Tinnitus is commonly referred to as "ringing in the ears." Epidemiologic studies highlight challenges associated with clinical determination of tinnitus and ascertainment of its etiology, functional effects, temporal characteristics, psychoacoustic parameters, and risk factors. Because no standards exist for capturing these factors as measures, direct comparison of data between studies is not possible.

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