Imaging of spinal chordoma and benign notochordal cell tumor (BNCT) with radiologic pathologic correlation.

Benign notochordal cell tumor (BNCT) and chordoma are neoplasms of notochordal differentiation. BNCT represents notochordal rests, commonly an incidental lesion present in the spine in 19% of cadaveric specimens. BNCTs are often radiographically occult.

Primary Tumors of the Pituitary Gland: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Primary tumors of the pituitary gland are the second most common histologic category of primary central nervous system tumors across all age groups and are the most common in adolescents to young adults, despite originating from a diminutive endocrine gland that is often described as "about the size of a pea." The vast majority of these represent primary tumors of the adenohypophysis, specifically pituitary adenomas, which can be either functional or silent with regard to hormone hypersecretion. According to the fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors, published in 2017, cellular lineage and immunohistochemical stains for pituitary hormones and/or transcription factors help with making the correct pathologic diagnosis.

Intramedullary Masses of the Spinal Cord: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Spinal cord tumors are a challenge for patients and neurosurgeons because of the high risk of neurologic deficits from the disease process and surgical interventions. Spinal cord tumors are uncommon, and approximately 2%-3% of primary intra-axial tumors of the central nervous system occur in the spinal cord. Primary intra-axial tumors are usually derived from neuroepithelial tissue, especially glial cells.

Central Nervous System Lesions in Immunocompromised Patients.

Immunodeficiency can affect different components of the immune system and predispose to different types of opportunistic infections. For example, a defect in neutrophil or humoral immunity increases risk from disseminated infection by extracellular pathogens, whereas a defect in cytotoxic activity by natural killer cells or CD8 T lymphocytes increases risk from intracellular pathogens. The latter also increases risk from malignancies, due to impairment of normal immunosurveillance against abnormal neoplastic cells.

MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES OF GIANT PROLACTINOMA: A SERIES OF 71 PATIENTS.

To describe outcomes of patients with giant prolactinoma (≥4 cm) and identify predictors of therapeutic response. In this retrospective study, complete biochemical and structural response were defined as prolactin (PRL) ≤25 ng/mL and no visible tumor at follow-up, respectively. Giant prolactinoma (median size, 4.

Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

While intradural extramedullary spinal disease varies widely, identification of tumors in this location and their radiologic manifestations greatly facilitates narrowing of the diagnostic considerations. Meningioma and schwannoma are the two most common intradural extramedullary tumors, and both are associated with neurofibromatosis. Meningiomas are most common in the thoracic spine and show a strong female predilection and a clinical manifestation related to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots.

Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives.

Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are highly malignant undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumors of neuroepithelial origin and have been defined as a category in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification since the first edition of the "Blue Book" in 1979. This category has evolved over time to reflect our ever-improving understanding of tumor biology and behavior. With the most recent update in 2016, many previous histologic diagnoses incorporate molecular parameters for the first time (genetically defined entities).

MRI findings in glutamic acid decarboxylase associated autoimmune epilepsy.

Purpose: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) has been implicated in a number of autoimmune-associated neurologic syndromes, including autoimmune epilepsy. This study categorizes the spectrum of MRI findings in patients with a clinical diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy and elevated serum GAD65 autoantibodies.

Methods: An institutional database search identified patients with elevated serum GAD65 antibodies and a clinical diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy who had undergone brain MRI.

Cochlear Implant Electrode Localization Using an Ultra-High Resolution Scan Mode on Conventional 64-Slice and New Generation 192-Slice Multi-Detector Computed Tomography.

Hypothesis: A new generation 192-slice multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) clinical scanner provides enhanced image quality and superior electrode localization over conventional MDCT.

Background: Currently, accurate and reliable cochlear implant electrode localization using conventional MDCT scanners remains elusive.

Methods: Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric temporal bones were implanted with full-length cochlear implant electrodes.

Viral and Prion Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives.

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) range in clinical severity, with the most severe proving fatal within a matter of days. Some of the more than 100 different viruses known to affect the brain and spinal cord are neurotropic with a predilection for producing CNS infection. The host response to viral infection of the CNS is responsible for the pathophysiology and imaging findings seen in affected patients.

T2 Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Imaging of Uveal Melanomas and Other Ocular Pathology.

Background/aims: This study describes patterns of intraocular lesions on T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging, exploring a prospective role of FLAIR imaging sequence in diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: A retrospective study of orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the years 2000 to 2015 was performed. MRI sequences included: pre-contrast T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2 FLAIR, and postcontrast T1 and T2 imaging gadolinium, which were evaluated by a neuroradiologist.

Extranodal Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System and Spine.

With a strong predilection for immunocompromised groups and a poorly explained increase in prevalence among those with normal immune status, lymphoma now accounts for approximately 6% of all primary brain tumors. Recent advances in multiagent chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy have promoted longer-term survival, although a definitive cure remains elusive. Extranodal lymphoma of the spine is more often caused by secondary dissemination from systemic disease and less often the primary site of origin.

Radiologic Features of Sinonasal Tumors.

Imaging evaluation of sinonasal tumors is most often conducted with computed tomography, which excels at identifying the effects of these masses on adjacent osseous structures, and magnetic resonance imaging that is ideal for distinguishing pathologic masses from mucosal thickening and fluid that are common in the sinonasal spaces and depicting extension into the surrounding soft tissues, orbits, and intracranial compartment. Accordingly, the two studies are complementary exams and both are commonly utilized in the assessment of these masses. Less commonly, positron emission tomography can provide additional metabolic evaluation of potential metastatic disease in patients with malignant disease.

Can Preoperative Imaging Predict Tumor Involvement of the Anterior Clinoid in Clinoid Region Meningiomas?

Background: Anterior clinoid region meningiomas may infiltrate the bone over which they arise, therefore requiring an anterior clinoidectomy to achieve a Simpson grade 1 resection. A clinoidectomy, however, is not without risks.

Objective: We performed a study of diagnostic accuracy investigating whether preoperative imaging could predict tumor involvement of the clinoid, and thereby tailor the degree of bony removal.

Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation and Historical Perspectives.

Despite remarkable progress in prevention and treatment, infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system remain an important source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in less-developed countries and in immunocompromised persons. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens are derived from living organisms and affect the brain, spinal cord, or meninges. Infections due to these pathogens are associated with a variety of neuroimaging patterns that can be appreciated at magnetic resonance imaging in most cases.

Cortical ependymoma: an unusual epileptogenic lesion.

Object: Supratentorial cortical ependymomas (CE) are rare, with 7 cases reported. The lesions, typically occurring in the superficial cortex in young adults and associated with a history of seizures, are not fully characterized. Furthermore, their relationship with the recently described angiocentric glioma (AG) is still being debated.

Reoperation for sella haematoma after pituitary surgery.

Objective: Although occasionally discussed as a general complication in large pituitary series, the incidence of reoperation for postoperative sella haematoma is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed a large pituitary surgical series to determine the incidence and associated factors of this complication.

Design: We reviewed all pituitary surgery at Mayo Rochester from January 1987 until January 2007.

From the archives of the AFIP: Oligodendroglioma and its variants: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Oligodendroglioma is the third most common glial neoplasm and most commonly arises in the frontal lobe. It occurs in males more frequently, and the peak manifestation is during the 5th and 6th decades. Children are affected much less commonly.

From the archives of the AFIP: a comprehensive review of fetal tumors with pathologic correlation.

Fetal tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms, which are unique in their histologic characteristics, anatomic distribution, and pathophysiology. The biologic behavior of tumors in the fetus may differ dramatically compared with that of the same tumor detected later in life. Teratomas are the dominant histologic type and constitute the majority of both extracranial and intracranial neoplasms.

From the archives of the AFIP: pilocytic astrocytoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common pediatric central nervous system glial neoplasm and the most common pediatric cerebellar tumor. This tumor has a noteworthy benign biologic behavior that translates into an extremely high survival rate-94% at 10 years-that is by far the best of any glial tumor. Most patients present in the first 2 decades, and clinical symptoms and signs are usually of several months duration and directly related to the specific location of the tumor.