In vivo confocal microscopic features of canine primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in dogs with primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Animals: Eight dogs with primary corneal SCC.

Procedures: Dogs diagnosed with primary corneal SCC by histopathology were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module prior to surgical intervention.

The effects of age and dysfunction on meibomian gland population dynamics.

Purpose: While meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is widely recognized as a major cause of evaporative dry eye disease, little is known about normal gland differentiation and lipid synthesis or the mechanism underlying gland atrophy and abnormal lipid secretion. The purpose of this study was to use single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to probe changes in cell composition, differentiation, and gene expression associated with two murine models of MGD: age-related gland atrophy in wild-type mice and altered meibum quality in acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (Awat2) knockout (KO) mice.

Methods: Young (6 month) and old (22 month) wild type, C57Bl/6 mice and young (3 month) and old (13 month) Awat2 KO mice were used in these studies.

Approach to Immune-mediated Ocular Diseases.

Immune-mediated ocular inflammation is a common clinical diagnosis reached for horses with keratitis and uveitis. This diagnosis is made as a diagnosis of exclusion following a thorough effort to rule out an underlying cause for the inflammation, most importantly infectious and neoplastic disease. Practically, response to ophthalmic and systemic anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory medications is used to support a diagnosis of immune-mediated ocular inflammation; however, such medications are often contraindicated in the face of infection or neoplasia.

Breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in horses at two academic institutions.

Background: Determination of horse breeds predisposed to congenital and juvenile cataracts will enable investigations into potential genetic mechanisms for cataracts in horses.

Objective: To investigate horse breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in two academic referral populations.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Additional evidence supports GRM6 p.Thr178Met as a cause of congenital stationary night blindness in three horse breeds.

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an ocular disorder characterized by nyctalopia. An autosomal recessive missense mutation in glutamate metabotropic receptor 6 (GRM6 c.533C>T, p.

Restoration of function following traumatic superior eyelid avulsion in a horse treated with advancement flap blepharoplasty (H-plasty) and subdermal hyaluronic acid filler.

Objective: To describe the successful restoration of superior eyelid function in a horse following traumatic avulsion using an advancement flap blepharoplasty and subdermal hyaluronic acid filler.

Animal Studied: A 21-year-old American Paint Horse stallion who was attacked by a fellow stallion resulting in numerous traumatic injuries including avulsion of approximately 75% of the left superior eyelid.

Procedures: With standing sedation and locoregional anesthesia, the superior eyelid wound was debrided and an advancement flap blepharoplasty (H-plasty) and temporary tarsorrhaphy were performed.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the equine iridocorneal angle.

Background: The iridocorneal angle (ICA) is the major pathway of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been utilised to characterise the morphology of this drainage pathway in numerous species. UBM may allow for early recognition of aqueous humour outflow obstructions in horses, allowing for earlier recognition of risk for glaucoma, a vision-threatening and painful disease.

Shope fibroma of the eyelid margin in a domestic rabbit.

Objective: To describe the clinical and histopathologic features as well as response to treatment of a solitary Shope fibroma affecting the eyelid margin of a domestic rabbit.

Animal Studied: A seven-year-old female intact domestic rabbit with a progressively enlarging firm, pedunculated, and encrusted inferior eyelid mass of the left eye of 1-month duration.

Procedures: Under general anesthesia, the crust was removed revealing an ulcerated mass that was excised via a house-shaped resection and submitted for histopathology.

Corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth of the normal adult horse as measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Objective: To determine corneal thickness (CT) and axial anterior chamber depth (ACD) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in normal adult horses. To compare corneal thickness measurements between UBM and ultrasonic pachymetry.

Animals Studied: Sixty eyes of 30 healthy adult horses aged 8-24 years.

Choroidal neuroendocrine neoplasia in a dog.

Objective: To report onset and progression of clinical signs of a neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) presumed metastatic to the choroid in a dog.

Animals Studied: A 7.5-year-old female spayed German shepherd dog mix referred for advanced imaging and evaluation of a subretinal mass in the right eye.

DDB2 Genetic Risk Factor for Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma Identified in Three Additional Horse Breeds.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer affecting the equine eye. A missense variant within the gene damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 c.1013, p.

Subcutaneous administration of triamcinolone as part of the management of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis.

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to report the efficacy of subcutaneous triamcinolone as part of a regimen for feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (FEK).

Methods: Records and clinical photographs were reviewed and lesions semiquantitatively graded for cats with cytologically confirmed FEK. Clinical data were compared between a study population of nine cats (11 eyes) treated with, and a reference population of seven cats (eight eyes) treated without, a median of 0.

Ocular disease in horses with confirmed ocular or central nervous system Borrelia infection: Case series and review of literature.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and clinical outcome of horses with ocular disease and evidence of systemic or ocular Lyme disease.

Animals Studied: Five horses met the inclusion criteria of ocular disease with evidence of B burgdorferi present in ocular or CNS tissues.

Procedure: The goal of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and progression of ocular disease when associated with ocular or CNS B burgdorferi infection in horses.

Antiviral treatment using the adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524 in cats with clinically diagnosed neurological feline infectious peritonitis.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a mutant biotype of the feline enteric coronavirus. The resulting FIP virus (FIPV) commonly causes central nervous system (CNS) and ocular pathology in cases of noneffusive disease. Over 95% of cats with FIP will succumb to disease in days to months after diagnosis despite a variety of historically used treatments.

Additional Evidence for T338M as a Genetic Risk Factor for Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Horses.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common periocular cancer in horses and the second most common tumor of the horse overall. A missense mutation in (, c.1012 >, p.

Equine eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in California: retrospective study of 47 eyes from 29 cases (1993-2017).

Objective: (a) To evaluate the epidemiology of equine eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (EK) in the western United States, (b) to ascertain the efficacy of keratectomy and diamond burr debridement vs medical management alone, (c) to determine the efficacy of various medical therapies, and (d) to further characterize the histopathologic findings of the disease in horses.

Animals Studied: Twenty-nine horses (47 eyes) diagnosed with EK from 1993 to 2017.

Procedure: Retrospective medical record review; owner questionnaire.

Limbal squamous cell carcinoma in a Rocky Mountain Horse: Case report and investigation of genetic contribution.

Objective: To document a case of limbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a Rocky Mountain Horse stallion determined to be homozygous for the genetic risk factor (DDB2 c.1013C>T) strongly associated with the disease in Haflinger and Belgian horses, and to determine the frequency of this allele in a larger population of Rocky Mountain Horses.

Animals Studied: One privately owned Rocky Mountain Horse and 84 Rocky Mountain Horses screened for allelic frequency.

Medical management of deep ulcerative keratitis in cats: 13 cases.

Case Series Summary: Described are 13 cats diagnosed with deep ulcerative keratitis and successfully managed medically without grafting procedures. Typical treatment involved frequent topical application of serum and antibiotics (usually a fluoroquinolone and a cephalosporin). Seven cats also received systemic antibiotics.

Traumatic phacocele in an American Miniature Horse.

An 18-year-old American Miniature Horse mare was presented with a complaint of a scleral swelling affecting the right eye and a history of suspected trauma 6 weeks prior to evaluation. Clinical findings included severe blepharospasm, a bulbous swelling of the dorsotemporal bulbar conjunctiva, and phthisis bulbi. Ocular ultrasound was recommended but declined.

Multiple ocular developmental defects in four closely related alpacas.

Objective: To describe the clinical, gross pathologic, and histopathologic findings for a visually impaired 5.8-year-old female alpaca with multiple ocular abnormalities, as well as the clinical findings for three closely related alpacas.

Animals Studied: Four alpacas.

Corneal sensitivity and tear production in 108 horses with ocular disease.

Purpose: To compare corneal sensitivity and tear production in horses with keratitis to horses with other ocular disease.

Method: Retrospective medical record review was used to identify equine patients presented during a 1-year period for an ocular complaint who had Schirmer Tear Test (STT) or Corneal Touch Threshold (CTT) measured. Variables studied included patient age and sex; affected eye; category of presenting ocular complaint (keratitis vs.

Werner syndrome protein suppresses the formation of large deletions during the replication of human telomeric sequences.

Werner syndrome (WS) is a disorder characterized by features of premature aging and increased cancer that is caused by loss of the RecQ helicase WRN. Telomeres consisting of duplex TTAGGG repeats in humans protect chromosome ends and sustain cellular proliferation. WRN prevents the loss of telomeres replicated from the G-rich strand, which can form secondary G-quadruplex (G4) structures.