Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations.

Background: The solubility of dental pulp tissue in sodium hypochlorite has been extensively investigated but results have been inconsistent; due most likely to variations in experimental design, the volume and/or rate of replenishment of the solutions used and the nature of the tissues assessed. Traditionally, the sodium hypochlorite solutions used for endodontic irrigation in Australia have been either Milton or commercial bleach, with Milton being the most common. Recently, a range of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved proprietary sodium hypochlorite solutions, which contain surfactant, has become available.

Indications and implications for testing of milk urea in dairy cattle: a quantitative review. Part 2. Effect of dietary protein on reproductive performance.

DIETARY PROTEIN AND DAIRY COW FERTILITY: Feeding more dietary protein has been negatively associated with dairy cow fertility in some but not all studies. We used meta-analysis to examine the relationship between dietary crude protein and conception rate. While a higher intake of dietary crude protein significantly lowered conception rate, the potential for feeding less degradable dietary protein to modify this relationship was not demonstrated.

Indications and implications for testing of milk urea in dairy cattle: a quantitative review. Part 1. Dietary protein sources and metabolism.

MILK UREA CONCENTRATIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE: There has been increased use of milk urea concentration as an indicator of dietary protein intake and protein metabolism in dairy cattle over recent years. The value of milk urea content data in predicting dietary composition, particularly for pasture-fed cattle, has not been well described. PROTEIN METABOLISM AND UREA SYNTHESIS: Many factors influence the degradation of dietary proteins in the rumen, post-ruminal protein metabolism and urea synthesis in cattle.

Variability of master gutta-percha cones.

The common technique to hermetically fill prepared root canals involves the use of "standardised" gutta-percha cones that are selected to fit the apical portion of the prepared canal space. These gutta-percha cones are manufactured to conform to a standard size and taper which should correspond to the size and taper of standard root canal instruments. Clinical observation of commercially available gutta-percha cones seemed to indicate that there is wide variation in the diameter and taper of "standardised" gutta-percha cones within the size range 25-35.

The Hobart typhoid epidemic of 1887-88.

Typhoid fever records for Hobart during the nineteenth century are examined and the summer of 1887/88 identified as the second year of a 5-year epidemic cycle. Three factors are used to explain the change from endemic to epidemic typhoid in the 1880s. Firstly, there was a sequence of hot, dry summers that affected water quality and the amount of water available for the cleansing of the street gutters.

Effects of supplements on intake, rumen function and nutrient supply and growth in cattle eating alkali-treated oat straw.

1. Expt 1. Six 200 kg Hereford heifers fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulas were fed ad lib.

Kinetics of nitrogen transfer across the rumen wall of sheep given a low-protein roughage.

1. The significance of blood urea-nitrogen transfer to the rumen was examined in sheep given alkali-treated wheat straw supplemented with 3.5 (diet A), 5.

Supplemental protein degradation, bacterial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention in sheep eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw.

1. Alkali (sodium hydroxide)-treated wheat straw was given to six rumen- and abomasal-cannulated sheep to study the rumen degradation of cotton-seed meal (CSM) and barley (B), and the effects of these supplements on nitrogen retention and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis were measured. 2.

Rumen degradation and fractional outflow rates of nitrogen supplements given to cattle eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw.

1. Six rumen and abomasal cannulated heifers were used to study the effects of intake on the fractional outflow rates (FOR) of chromium-mordanted cotton-seed meal (Cr-CSM) and meat meal (Cr-MM), CrEDTA, ytterbium and lignin from the rumen. Values of FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM were combined with values of nitrogen disappearance from the protein supplements, placed in porous synthetic (nylon) bags and incubated within the rumen (P), to calculate effective degradation (D) of CSM and MM when fed to heifers eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw.

Effects of alkali treatment of wheat straw on intake and microbial protein synthesis in cattle.

Effects of sodium hydroxide treatment on intake and digestion of straw organic matter (OM), and microbial protein synthesis were examined in comparison with untreated and treated straws. Intakes (kg dry matter (DM)/d) of untreated, NaOH- and sodium carbonate-treated straws were 5.21, 7.

Utilization of low quality roughages: effects of urea and protein supplements of differing solubility on digesta flows, intake and growth rate of cattle eating oaten chaff.

1. Expt 1. Five 150 kg steers with ruminal, abomasal and ileal cannulas were given 3000 g oaten chaff daily plus pelleted supplement with no added nitrogen (diet A) of 50 g N/d as urea (diet B), casein (diet C), casein and formaldehyde-treated casein (HCHO-casein) (50:50 w/w; diet D) and HCHO-casein (diet E), in a 5 x 5 Latin square design.

Responses to post-ruminal infusions of casein and arginine, and to dietary protein supplements in lactating goats.

1. In Expt 1 a study was made in goats of responses in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization and plasma amino acids to abomasas infusions of casein (45 g/d) in goats given 2.5 kg/d of a ration containing crude protein (N x 6.

The use of copper levels in hair to diagnose hypocuprosis.

The possibility of using hair to help diagnose hypocuprosis was investigated. Diets containing different levels of molybdenum and sulphur were fed to nine Hereford steers. Liver reserves of copper were depleted rapidly when dietary levels of molybdenum and sulphur exceeded 2.

Responses to postruminal infusions of graded levels of casein in lactating goats.

1. A study was made in goats of the response in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and amino acid uptake by the mammary gland, to postruminal infusion of casein. Goats in early lactation, housed in metabolism cages, were fed on 2-5 kg basal ration/d (containing 111 g crude protein (N X 6-25)/kg) and were given, by infusion into the abomasum, 0, 15, 30 or 45 g casein/d.