CD4 T Cell Responses to in Immune Cattle Recognize a Diverse Set of Parasite Antigens Presented on the Surface of Infected Lymphoblasts.

Parasite-specific CD8 T cell responses play a key role in mediating immunity against in cattle (), and there is evidence that efficient induction of these responses requires CD4 T cell responses. However, information on the antigenic specificity of the CD4 T cell response is lacking. The current study used a high-throughput system for Ag identification using CD4 T cells from immune animals to screen a library of ∼40,000 synthetic peptides representing 499 gene products.

Guanidinium-Functionalized Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Enabling RNAi in Resistant Insect Pests.

RNAi-based technologies are ideal for pest control as they can provide species specificity and spare nontarget organisms. However, in some pests biological barriers prevent use of RNAi, and therefore broad application. In this study we tested the ability of a synthetic cationic polymer, poly-[ N-(3-guanidinopropyl)methacrylamide] (pGPMA), that mimics arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides to trigger RNAi in an insensitive animal- Spodoptera frugiperda.

Block ionomer complexes consisting of siRNA and RAFT-synthesized hydrophilic--cationic copolymers II: The influence of cationic block charge density on gene suppression.

Block ionomer complex (BIC)-siRNA interactions and effectiveness in cell transfection are reported. Aqueous RAFT polymerization was used to prepare a series of hydrophilic--cationic copolymers in which the cationic block statistically incorporates increasing amounts of neutral, hydrophilic monomer such that the number of cationic groups remains unchanged but the cationic charge density is diluted along the polymer backbone. Reduced charge density decreases the electrostatic binding strength between copolymers and siRNA with the goal of improving siRNA release after targeted cellular delivery.

Pro-Antimicrobial Networks via Degradable Acetals (PANDAs) Using Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization.

We describe the synthesis of pro-antimicrobial networks via degradable acetals (PANDAs) as a new paradigm for sequestration and triggered release of volatile, bioactive aldehydes. PANDAs derived from diallyl -chlorobenzaldehyde acetal degrade and release -chlorobenzaldehyde as an antibacterial and antifungal agent under mild conditions (pH 7.4/high humidity).

Senescence induction in renal carcinoma cells by Nutlin-3: a potential therapeutic strategy based on MDM2 antagonism.

Although the role of p53 as a tumour suppressor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is unclear, our recent analysis suggests that increased wild-type p53 protein expression is associated with poor outcome. A growing body of evidence also suggests that p53 expression and increased co-expression of MDM2 are linked with poor prognosis in RCC. We have therefore examined whether an MDM2 antagonist; Nutlin-3, might rescue/increase p53 expression and induce growth inhibition or apoptosis in RCC cells that retain wild-type p53.

EAU policy on live surgery events.

Context: Live surgery is an important part of surgical education, with an increase in the number of live surgery events (LSEs) at meetings despite controversy about their real educational value, risks to patient safety, and conflicts of interest.

Objective: To provide a European Association of Urology (EAU) policy on LSEs to regulate their organisation during urologic meetings.

Evidence Acquisition: The project was carried out in phases: a systematic literature review generating key questions, surveys sent to Live Surgery Panel members, and Internet- and panel-based consensus finding using the Delphi process to agree on and formulate a policy.

Combined p53 and MDM2 biomarker analysis shows a unique pattern of expression associated with poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing radical nephrectomy.

Objective: To resolve much debated issues surrounding p53 function, expression and mutation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we performed the first study to simultaneously determine p53/MDM2 expression, TP53 mutational status (in p53-positive patients) and outcome in RCC.

Patients And Methods: In total, 90 specimens obtained from patients with RCC, who were treated by radical nephrectomy, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for p53 and MDM2 on a tissue microarray, and p53 was functionally and genetically analyzed in p53 positive samples. Outcome analysis was by the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate analysis was used to identify variables for subsequent multivariate analysis of correlations between clinical parameters and biomarker expression.

Emission characteristics of photonic crystal light-emitting diodes.

Experimentally measured optical properties of photonic crystal LEDs are reported here. Photonic crystal and photonic quasi-crystal structures were fabricated on GaN epilayer LED wafer material using both direct-write electron beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography. Some of these structures were processed to make finished LEDs.

Characterization of age-related changes in bovine CD8+ T-cells.

Evaluation of the changes induced by immunological interventions requires a baseline against which to compare those changes. The age-related changes in the CD8(+) T-cell population of cattle were studied. The results indicate that CD8(+) T-cells could be divided into γ/δ TCR1(+) and γ/δ TCR1(-) according to their expression of the γ/δ T-cell receptor.

The fabrication of mono-domain highly ordered nanoporous alumina on a wafer scale by a guided electric field.

This paper describes the formation of mono-domain highly ordered nanoporous alumina on the scale of a 2 inch diameter silicon wafer by anodization of aluminium evaporated on a patterned SiO(2) mask on a silicon substrate. The position of the ordered pores correlates with holes in the SiO(2) mask, which guide the electric field during anodization and initiates pore nucleation. The technique is suitable for the production of ordered nanoporous alumina on a wafer scale and overcomes the time, cost and scale limitations of existing processes.

p53 and MDM2 in renal cell carcinoma: biomarkers for disease progression and future therapeutic targets?

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and follows an unpredictable disease course. To improve prognostication, a better understanding of critical genes associated with disease progression is required. The objective of this review was to focus attention on 2 such genes, p53 and murine double minute 2 (MDM2), and to provide a comprehensive summary and critical analysis of the literature regarding these genes in RCC.

Implications of computer tomography measurement in the management of renal tumours.

Background: To compare radiographic measurement and pathological measurement of renal tumours to see if there was a significant difference between the two as this may have implications in the management.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed CT measurements of 106 consecutive patients who underwent either radical or nephron sparing surgery in our institution and compared this to the actual measurement of the surgical specimen. The largest axial measurement was compared as this is the primary consideration before offering either treatment modality.

Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of T(1c) carcinoma of the prostate: is it necessary?

Purpose: To assess the role and implications of MRI in the management of patients with stage T(1c) prostate cancer.

Patients And Methods: Data were collected from our oncology database, where all new prostate cancers are recorded, for a period of 3 years ending December 2005. A total of 915 patients were found to have prostate cancer.

p53 regulation and function in renal cell carcinoma.

Loss of p53 function is a critical event in tumor evolution. This occurs through a range of molecular events, typically a missense p53 mutation followed by loss of heterozygosity. In many cancers, there is compelling evidence that cells that can compromise p53 function have a selective advantage.

Cooled thermotherapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: durability of results obtained with the Targis System.

Objectives: To evaluate the durability of benefit associated with cooled high-energy thermotherapy (cooled thermotherapy) using the Targis System with data extending to 5 years after treatment.

Methods: At three centers in Canada and the United Kingdom, 150 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia underwent cooled thermotherapy with the Targis System. This was an outpatient procedure performed without general or regional anesthesia.