Robustness and resilience of supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Using a unique firm-level data set from Asia, this study examines what determined the robustness and resilience of supply chain links, that is, the ability of maintaining links and recovering disrupted links by substitution, respectively, when firms faced economic shocks due to the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We find that a supply chain link was likely to be robust if the link was between a foreign-owned firm and a firm located in the foreign-owned firm's home country, implying that homophily on a certain dimension generates strong ties and thus supply chain robustness. We also find that firms with geographic diversity of customers and suppliers tended to increase their transaction volume with one partner while decreasing the volume with others.

Microbially cleaved immunoglobulins are sensed by the innate immune receptor LILRA2.

Microbial proteases degrade a variety of host proteins(1-3). However, it has remained largely unknown why microorganisms have evolved to acquire such proteases and how the host responds to microbially degraded products. Here, we have found that immunoglobulins disrupted by microbial pathogens are specifically detected by leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), an orphan activating receptor expressed on human myeloid cells.

Preoperative staging and surgical approaches for sinonasal inverted papilloma.

Objectives: We sought to determine the value of preoperative staging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment in the surgical management of sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs).

Methods: Preoperative MRI staging was used to assess 22 patients with IPs. In addition to the Krouse staging system, T3 cases were categorized as subgroup T3-B if tumors extended into the frontal sinus or the supraorbital recess; otherwise, they were categorized as T3-A.

Clinical and pathological analysis of recurrent inverted papilloma.

Objectives: We analyzed the clinical characteristics, pathological findings, and treatment outcomes of patients with recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP).

Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 13 patients with recurrent IP. Patient data were collected on prior treatment, sites of recurrence, surgical procedures, pathological findings, and postoperative time to recurrence.

Preoperative staging of sinonasal inverted papilloma by magnetic resonance imaging.

Objectives/hypothesis: Sinonasal inverted papilloma is a rare but locally aggressive benign tumor. Inverted papilloma tends to recur after surgical resection and is occasionally associated with squamous cell carcinoma. Radical en bloc resection by lateral rhinotomy and medial maxillectomy has been recommended for initial management; however, endoscopic sinus surgery is effective in selected cases.