Unusual Upper Cervical Spine Disorder and Non-traumatic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation in an Adult: A Case Report.

This study reports on an extremely rare case of non-traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) in an adult. Although there are numerous reports on traumatic AARF in adults, those on non-traumatic AARFs are limited. We present the case of a 25-year-old woman who developed neck pain with a limited range of motion (ROM) that began upon waking without any particular inducement.

Impact of landmark crater creation on improving accuracy of pedicle screw insertion in robot-assisted scoliosis surgery.

Purpose: This study evaluated the impact of the Landmark Crater (LC) method on pedicle perforation rates in robot-guided surgery for pediatric scoliosis for each pedicle diameter.

Methods: Seventy-six scoliosis patients underwent robot-assisted posterior spinal fusion. The cohort consisted of 19 male and 57 female patients, with a mean ± standard deviation age of 17.

Linear ether-based highly concentrated electrolytes for Li-sulfur batteries.

Li-S batteries have attracted attention as next-generation rechargeable batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity and cost-effectiveness. Sparingly solvating electrolytes hold promise because they suppress the dissolution and shuttling of polysulfide intermediates to increase the coulombic efficiency and extend the cycle life. This study investigated the solubility of polysulfide (LiS) in a range of liquid electrolytes, including organic electrolytes, highly concentrated electrolytes, and ionic liquids.

Evolving better solvate electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries.

The overall performance of lithium batteries remains unmatched to this date. Decades of optimisation have resulted in long-lasting batteries with high energy density suitable for mobile applications. However, the electrolytes used at present suffer from low lithium transference numbers, which induces concentration polarisation and reduces efficiency of charging and discharging.

Molecular Level Origin of Ion Dynamics in Highly Concentrated Electrolytes.

Single-ion conducting liquid electrolytes are key to achieving rapid charge/discharge in Li secondary batteries. The Li transference (or transport) numbers are the defining properties of such electrolytes and have been discussed in the framework of concentrated solution theories. However, the connection between macroscopic transference and microscopic ion dynamics remains unclear.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of High-Concentration Li[TFSA] Sulfone Solution: Effect of Easy Conformation Change of Sulfolane on Fast Diffusion of Li Ion.

The parameters of the polarizable force field used for molecular dynamics simulations of Li diffusion in high-concentration lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (Li[TFSA]) sulfone (sulfolane, dimethylsulfone, ethylmethylsulfone, and ethyl--propylsulfone) solutions were refined. The densities of the solutions obtained by molecular dynamics simulations reproduced well the experimental values. The calculated concentration, temperature, and solvent dependencies of self-diffusion coefficients of ions and solvents in the mixtures well reproduce the experimentally observed dependencies.

On the concentration polarisation in molten Li salts and borate-based Li ionic liquids.

Electrolytes that transport only Li ions play a crucial role in improving rapid charge and discharge properties in Li secondary batteries. Single Li-ion conduction can be achieved liquid materials such as Li ionic liquids containing Li as the only cations because solvent-free fused Li salts do not polarise in electrochemical cells, owing to the absence of neutral solvents that allow polarisation in the salt concentration and the inevitably homogeneous density in the cells under anion-blocking conditions. However, we found that borate-based Li ionic liquids induce concentration polarisation in a Li/Li symmetric cell, which results in their transference (transport) numbers under anion-blocking conditions (abcLi) being well below unity.

Ion Transport in Glyme- and Sulfolane-Based Highly Concentrated Electrolytes.

Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) have a similarity to ionic liquids (ILs) in high ionic nature, and indeed some of HECs are found to behave like an IL. HCEs have attracted considerable attention as prospective candidates for electrolyte materials in future lithium secondary batteries owing to their favorable properties both in the bulk and at the electrochemical interface. In this study, we highlight the effects of the solvent, counter anion, and diluent of HCEs on the Li ion coordination structure and transport properties (e.

Li transference number and dynamic ion correlations in glyme-Li salt solvate ionic liquids diluted with molecular solvents.

Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) have attracted significant interest as promising liquid electrolytes for next-generation Li secondary batteries, owing to various beneficial properties both in the bulk and at the electrode/electrolyte interface. One particular class of HCEs consists of binary mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) and oligoethers that behave like ionic liquids. [Li(G4)][TFSA], which comprises an equimolar mixture of LiTFSA and tetraglyme (G4), is an example.

Solvate electrolytes for Li and Na batteries: structures, transport properties, and electrochemistry.

Polar solvents dissolve Li and Na salts at high concentrations and are used as electrolyte solutions for batteries. The solvents interact strongly with the alkali metal cations to form complexes in the solution. The activity (concentration) of the uncoordinated solvent decreases as the salt concentration is increased.

Anion effects on Li ion transference number and dynamic ion correlations in glyme-Li salt equimolar mixtures.

To achieve single-ion conducting liquid electrolytes for the rapid charge and discharge of Li secondary batteries, improvement in the Li+ transference number of the electrolytes is integral. Few studies have established a feasible design for achieving Li+ transference numbers approaching unity in liquid electrolytes consisting of low-molecular-weight salts and solvents. Previously, we studied the effects of Li+-solvent interactions on the Li+ transference number in glyme- and sulfolane-based molten Li salt solvates and clarified the relationship between this transference number and correlated ion motions.

Solvent effects on Li ion transference number and dynamic ion correlations in glyme- and sulfolane-based molten Li salt solvates.

The Li transference number of electrolytes is one of the key factors contributing to the enhancement in the charge-discharge performance of Li secondary batteries. However, a design principle to achieve a high Li transference number has not been established for liquid electrolytes. To understand the factors governing the Li transference number t, we investigated the influence of the ion-solvent interactions, Li ion coordination, and correlations of ion motions on the Li transference number in glyme (Gn, n = 1-4)- and sulfolane (SL)-based molten Li salt solvate electrolytes with lithium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA).

Role of Viscosity in Deviations from the Nernst-Einstein Relation.

Deviations from the Nernst-Einstein relation are commonly attributed to ion-ion correlation and ion pairing. Despite the fact that these deviations can be quantified by either experimental measurements or molecular dynamics simulations, there is no rule of thumb to tell the extent of deviations. Here, we show that deviations from the Nernst-Einstein relation are proportional to the inverse viscosity by exploring the finite-size effect on transport properties under periodic boundary conditions.

Glyme-Li salt equimolar molten solvates with iodide/triiodide redox anions.

Room-temperature-fused Li salt solvates that exhibit ionic liquid-like behaviour can be formed using particular combinations of multidentate glymes and lithium salts bearing weakly coordinating anions, and are now deemed a subset of ionic liquids, solvate ionic liquids (SILs). Herein, we report redox-active glyme-Li salt molten solvates consisting of tetraethyleneglycol ethylmethyl ether (G4Et) and lithium iodide/triiodide, [Li(G4Et)]I and [Li(G4Et)]I. The coordination structure of the complex ions and the thermal, transport, and electrochemical properties of these molten Li salt solvates were investigated to diagnose whether they can be categorized as SILs.