Do confined field trials add value for the environment risk assessment of genetically modified Brassica napus L. in Japan?

The environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops in Japan requires collecting data from a comparative study of a GM and non-GM control in an in-country confined field trial (CFT). This in-country CFT requirement is used to address concerns that differences in the local environmental conditions may lead to differences in growth and/or risks of GM crops. However, this requirement for in-country CFT has recently been exempted for certain GM maize and GM cotton traits, and instead CFT data from other countries are used to inform the ERA of these GM events.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine restores photoreceptor function following acute retinal ischemia.

The survival and function of retinal neurons is dependent on mitochondrial energy generation and its intracellular distribution by creatine kinase. Post ischemic disruption of retinal creatine synthesis, creatine kinase activity, or transport of creatine into neurons may impair retinal function. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is required for creatine synthesis, phosphatidylcholine and glutathione synthesis, and transducin methylation.