Opinion review of drug resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: tackling the challenges for effective control.

Drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern globally, complicating TB control and management efforts. West Africa has historically faced difficulty in combating DR-TB due to limited diagnostic skills, insufficient access to excellent healthcare, and ineffective healthcare systems. This has aided in the emergence and dissemination of DR complex (MTBC) strains in the region.

Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study.

Background: Typhoid Fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings. The Severe Typhoid in Africa programme was designed to address regional gaps in typhoid burden data and identify populations eligible for interventions using novel typhoid conjugate vaccines.

Methods: A hybrid design, hospital-based prospective surveillance with population-based health-care utilisation surveys, was implemented in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Whole genomes from bacteria collected at diagnostic units around the world 2020.

The Two Weeks in the World research project has resulted in a dataset of 3087 clinically relevant bacterial genomes with pertaining metadata, collected from 59 diagnostic units in 35 countries around the world during 2020. A relational database is available with metadata and summary data from selected bioinformatic analysis, such as species prediction and identification of acquired resistance genes.

A four-drug standardized short regimen for highly resistant TB in South-West Nigeria.

Background: Patients with TB resistant to rifampicin (Rr-TB), and those with additional resistance to fluoroquinolones (pre-XDR-TB), should be treated with bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid-moxifloxacin and bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid, respectively. However, pretomanid is not yet widely available.

Methods: This is a pragmatic prospective single-arm study investigating the efficacy and safety of 9 mo of bedaquiline-delamanid-linezolid-clofazimine in patients with pre-XDR-TB or Rr-TB unresponsive to Rr-TB treatment in Nigeria.

Restoring non-COVID-19 clinical research and surveillance in Oyo state, Nigeria during the SARS-CoV-2pandemic.

Background: Many sub-Saharan African patients receive clinical care from extramurally-supported research and surveillance. Dur- ing the COVID-19 pandemic, pausing these activities reduces pa- tient care, surveillance, and research staff employment, increasing pandemic losses. In Oyo State, Nigeria, we paused a multi-country invasive salmonellosis surveillance initiative and a rural clinical bac- teriology project.

Genomic characterization of invasive typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella in southwestern Nigeria.

Background: Salmonellosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in Africa. Information on lineages of invasive Salmonella circulating in Nigeria is sparse.

Methods: Salmonella enterica isolated from blood (n = 60) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n = 3) between 2016 and 2020 from five tertiary hospitals in southwest Nigeria were antimicrobial susceptibility-tested and Illumina-sequenced.

Diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among patients with tuberculosis attending directly observed treatment centres in Oyo State, Nigeria: a cross-sectional evaluation.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) comorbidity is evolving into an emerging epidemic globally. In Nigeria, a high burden of both diseases, respectively, exists with limited information on tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus (TB-DM) comorbidity. We determined the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level among patients with TB and factors associated with TB-DM comorbidity in Oyo State, South-west Nigeria.

Serological markers and risk factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among Federal Capital Territory prison inmates, Nigeria: Should we be concerned?

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic in Nigeria. Prisons are high-risk environments for the spread of infectious diseases. Worldwide, seroprevalence of HBV infection is substantially higher among individuals in correctional facilities when compared to general population.

The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program: Study Design and Methodology to Assess Disease Severity, Host Immunity, and Carriage Associated With Invasive Salmonellosis.

Background: Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis.

Bacteremia Among Febrile Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background: The relative contribution of bacterial infections to febrile disease is poorly understood in many African countries due to diagnostic limitations. This study screened pediatric and adult patients attending 4 healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria, for bacteremia and malaria parasitemia.

Methods: Febrile patients underwent clinical diagnosis, malaria parasite testing, and blood culture.

First-line antituberculosis drugs disrupt endocrine balance and induce ovarian and uterine oxidative stress in rats.

Background: The first-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA), are effective in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the toxicity of these drugs in the clinical setting limits their use. Here, we evaluated the effects of anti-TB drugs on the reproductive system in female rats.

First Insight into a Nationwide Genotypic Diversity of among Previously Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Benin, West Africa.

Background: Molecular studies on tuberculosis (TB) are rare in low-resource countries like Benin, where data on molecular study on previously treated TB cases is unavailable.

Materials And Methods: From January to December 2014, all smear- and culture-positive previously treated pulmonary TB patients from all TB clinics were systematically recruited. Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping were performed on all isolates.

Rapid detection of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in blood cultures using the ESBL NDP test in Cotonou, Benin.

Purpose: Rapid and inexpensive tests for detecting extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are needed, particularly in low-resource countries where infections with these bacteria constitute a major public health issue. The recently described ESBL NDP test performed well in developed countries. This study was designed to assess performance, cost and feasibility of this test in positive blood cultures, in Cotonou, Benin (West Africa).

The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce.

Biflavonoid fraction from Garcinia kola seed ameliorates hormonal imbalance and testicular oxidative damage by anti-tuberculosis drugs in Wistar rats.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem. The effects of anti-TB drugs on male reproductive system have not been properly evaluated. We investigated the effects of anti-TB drugs on testicular antioxidant indices, sperm characteristics and hormonal levels in rats, and the protective role of kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seed.

Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of international health priority. The combination of anti-TB drugs (4-Tabs)- isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (ETB) are effective in the management of the disease, however, their toxic effect is a major concern.

Purpose: The study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of anti-TB drugs in male Wistar rats and possible ameliorative effects of kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds.

Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium bovis: influence of surface kind and temperatures of sanitizer treatments on biofilm control.

Mycobacterium bovis causes classic bovine tuberculosis, a zoonosis which is still a concern in Africa. Biofilm forming ability of two Mycobacterium bovis strains was assessed on coupons of cement, ceramic, or stainless steel in three different microbiological media at 37°C with agitation for 2, 3, or 4 weeks to determine the medium that promotes biofilm. Biofilm mass accumulated on coupons was treated with 2 sanitizers (sanitizer A (5.

Biofilms formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis on cement, ceramic, and stainless steel surfaces and their controls.

This study assessed the biofilms formed by selected strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and investigated the efficacy of three different treatments to control the biofilms. Two M. tuberculosis strains were inoculated separately in 150 ml of Middlebrook 7H9-Tween 80 (0.

Antimalarial potential of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds, against Plasmodium berghei infection in Swiss albino mice.

Objective: To investigate the antimalarial potential of kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid fraction from Garcinia kola seeds, against Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) infection in Swiss albino mice.

Methods: The study consists of seven groups of ten mice each.

Epidemiology of smear - negative tuberculosis in ibadan, Nigeria.

Inadequate case detection has been identified as one of the reasons for high burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world especially in poor resourced countries of Africa and Asia. This retrospective laboratory study involving the review of specimens processed at the TB laboratory of the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria was carried out over a period of five years (January 2006-December 2010) to access the epidemiology of smear-negative TB. Of the 3468 specimens processed, 2,175 (62.

Significant bacteriuria among asymptomatic antenatal clinic attendees in ibadan, Nigeria.

Untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy with devastating maternal and neonatal effects such as prematurity and low birth weight, higher fetal mortality rates and significant maternal morbidity. We carried out a two year (April 2007 to March 2009) cross-sectional epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of significant bacteriuria among asymptomatic antenatal clinic attendees at two antenatal clinics (ANCs) in University College Hospital and Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, both in Ibadan, Nigeria.All consenting ANC attendees without UTI were enrolled in the study.