Extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistant : Trends and seasonality in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2022.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and the environment likely contribute to the prevalence of AMR in humans with potential detrimental effects on human health. As such, annual mandatory monitoring of AMR in livestock occurs within the European Union (EU), according to harmonised methods. Extended-spectrum cephalosporins-resistant (ESC-resistant) , including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) and carbapenemase producing , are considered of particular importance and are therefore included in the monitoring program.

from six European countries reveals differences in profile and distribution of critical antimicrobial resistance determinants within One Health compartments, 2013 to 2020.

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat. Monitoring using an integrated One Health approach is essential to detect changes in AMR occurrence.AimWe aimed to detect AMR genes in pathogenic and commensal collected 2013-2020 within monitoring programmes and research from food animals, food (fresh retail raw meat) and humans in six European countries, to compare vertical and horizontal transmission.

Whole-genome sequencing for antimicrobial surveillance: species-specific quality thresholds and data evaluation from the network of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance genomic proficiency tests of 2021 and 2022.

As antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance shifts to genomics, ensuring the quality of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data produced across laboratories is critical. Participation in genomic proficiency tests (GPTs) not only increases individual laboratories' WGS capacity but also provides a unique opportunity to improve species-specific thresholds for WGS quality control (QC) by repeated resequencing of distinct isolates. Here, we present the results of the EU Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR) network GPTs of 2021 and 2022, which included 25 EU national reference laboratories (NLRs).

Association between antimicrobial usage in livestock and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from human urinary tract infections in the Netherlands, 2009-2020.

Background: In the last decade, veterinary antimicrobial usage (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among indicator bacteria in livestock have decreased substantially in the Netherlands. The extent to which this decrease has affected AMR levels among human infections remains unclear.

Objectives: To assess the association between AMU in livestock and AMR in Escherichia coli isolates from human urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Temporal association of antimicrobial use in livestock with antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoid human infections in the Netherlands, 2008-2019.

Background: Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among zoonotic pathogens, such as non-typhoid (NTS). Since 2009, the Netherlands has made substantial efforts to reduce AMU in livestock.

Objectives: To assess the association between AMU in livestock and AMR in NTS human isolates.

Azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe.

Objectives: To characterize the genetic basis of azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella collected within the EU harmonized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programme in 2014-18 and the Danish AMR surveillance programme in 2016-19.

Methods: WGS data of 1007 E. coli [165 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] and 269 Salmonella [29 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] were screened for acquired macrolide resistance genes and mutations in rplDV, 23S rRNA and acrB genes using ResFinder v4.

Epidemiological cut-off values for Vibrio anguillarum MIC and disc diffusion data generated by standardised methods.

This work aims to generate the data needed to set epidemiological cut-off values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc-diffusion zone measurements of Vibrio anguillarum. A total of 261 unique isolates were tested, applying standard methods specifying incubation at 28°C for 24-28 h. Aggregated MIC distributions for a total of 247 isolates were determined in 9 laboratories for 11 agents.

A global genomic analysis of Salmonella Concord reveals lineages with high antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia.

Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Concord (S. Concord) is known to cause severe gastrointestinal and bloodstream infections in patients from Ethiopia and Ethiopian adoptees, and occasional records exist of S. Concord linked to other countries.

Implementation of WGS analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli within EU AMR monitoring in livestock and meat.

Background: As WGS comes of age, changes in EU legislation implemented in 2021 allow its usage for systematic monitoring of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and meat, replacing phenotypic testing. Presently, phenotypic testing correlates well with antimicrobial resistance predicted from WGS data. WGS has added value in the wealth of additional information that is present in the data.

Building an International One Health Strain Level Database to Characterise the Epidemiology of AMR Threats: ESBL-AmpC Producing as An Example-Challenges and Perspectives.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top public health threats nowadays. Among the most important AMR pathogens, resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins (ESC-EC) is a perfect example of the One Health problem due to its global distribution in animal, human, and environmental sources and its resistant phenotype, derived from the carriage of plasmid-borne extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases, which limits the choice of effective antimicrobial therapies. The epidemiology of ESC-EC infection is complex as a result of the multiple possible sources involved in its transmission, and its study would require databases ideally comprising information from animal (livestock, companion, wildlife), human, and environmental sources.

Antimicrobial resistance in : emergence and genomic evolution.

is a pathogen, which is primarily associated with fertility problems in sheep and cattle. In humans, it can cause severe infections that require antimicrobial treatment. However, knowledge on the development of antimicrobial resistance in is limited.

European-wide antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy food animals between 2004 and 2018.

Objectives: To describe the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to medically important antibiotics, collected over four periods (2004-2006, 2008-2009, 2013-2014, 2017-2018), from food-producing animals at slaughter.

Methods: Intestinal contents from cattle, pigs and broilers were randomly sampled (5-6 countries/host; ≥4 abattoirs/country; one sample/animal/farm) for isolation of Escherichia coli; antimicrobial susceptibilities were centrally determined by CLSI agar dilution. Clinical breakpoints (CLSI) and epidemiological cut-off values (EUCAST) were applied for data interpretation.

Succession in the caecal microbiota of developing broilers colonised by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.

Background: Broilers are among the most common and dense poultry production systems, where antimicrobials have been used extensively to promote animal health and performance. The continuous usage of antimicrobials has contributed to the appearance of resistant bacteria, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec). Here, we studied the ESBL-Ec prevalence and successional dynamics of the caecal microbiota of developing broilers in a commercial flock during their production life cycle (0-35 days).

Changes in Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum -Lactamase Producing Enterobacterales in Dutch Veal Calves by Clonal Spread of .

This study aimed to characterize the changes in fecal carriage of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) in a single Dutch veal calves. During the rearing period at the Dutch veal farm, a decrease in fecal carriage of cefotaxime-resistant isolates was observed after 2 weeks at the veal farm, while an increase of cefotaxime-resistant isolates was demonstrated. and were isolated from rectal swabs collected from 110 veal calves in week 2, 6, 10, 18, and 24 after their arrival at the farm.

A Case of Persistent Diarrhea in a Man with the Molecular Detection of Various species and the First Isolation of .

A man with a well-controlled HIV infection, previously diagnosed with lymphogranuloma venereum and treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma, was suffering from chronic diarrhea. He travelled to Indonesia in the month prior to the start of complaints. Over a 15-month period, sequences related to , and were detected by 16S rRNA qPCR-based assays in various stool samples and in a colon biopsy.

Mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 detected on an IncI1 plasmid in Escherichia coli from meat.

Objectives: Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes encoded on conjugative plasmids, although described only relatively recently, have been reported globally both in humans and livestock. The genes are often associated with the insertion sequence ISApl1 that can transpose the genes to novel genetic locations. Since its first report, multiple variants of mcr have been discovered in a variety of genetic locations in Escherichia coli, in plasmids and integrated into the chromosome.

Novel Carbapenemases FLC-1 and IMI-2 Encoded by an Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolated from Food Products.

Food for human consumption is screened widely for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to assess the potential for transfer of resistant bacteria to the general population. Here, we describe an complex isolated from imported seafood that encodes two carbapenemases on two distinct plasmids. Both enzymes belong to Ambler class A β-lactamases, the previously described IMI-2 and a novel family designated FLC-1.

Diversity of Plasmids and Genes Encoding Resistance to Extended Spectrum Cephalosporins in Commensal From Dutch Livestock in 2007-2017.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) genes confer resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporin's. The spread of these genes is mostly facilitated by plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer. National surveillance activities to detect ESBL/pAmpC-producers in commensal bacteria from livestock are in place in the Netherlands since several years.

En Route towards European Clinical Breakpoints for Veterinary Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Position Paper Explaining the VetCAST Approach.

VetCAST is the EUCAST sub-committee for Veterinary Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Its remit is to define clinical breakpoints (CBPs) for antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) used in veterinary medicine in Europe. This position paper outlines the procedures and reviews scientific options to solve challenges for the determination of specific CBPs for animal species, drug substances and disease conditions.

Campylobacter in Broiler Chicken and Broiler Meat in Sri Lanka: Influence of Semi-Automated vs. Wet Market Processing on Campylobacter Contamination of Broiler Neck Skin Samples.

Broiler meat can become contaminated with of intestinal origin during processing. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of in broiler flocks and meat contamination at retail shops, and determine the influence of semi-automated and wet market processing on contamination of neck skin samples. Samples were collected from semi-automated plants ( 102) and wet markets ( 25).