A Quantitative Study of the Halogenophilic Nucleophilic Substitution (S2X) Reaction and Chalcogenophilic Nucleophilic Substitution (S2Ch) Reaction.

Halogenophilic nucleophilic substitution (S2X) has a distinctly different reaction pathway compared to the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (S2), but they can lead to the same reaction product. However, their differences can be distinguished by studying stereoselective reactions in which both reaction pathways are possible. Herein, we utilize the stereospecific nature of S2 and the presence of a pro-chiral anion intermediate in S2X to conduct a quantitative study in which both S2 and S2X reactions exist.

Selective laser melting of titanium matrix composites: An in-depth analysis of materials, microstructures, defects, and mechanical properties.

This paper provides an in-depth review of the advancements and challenges associated with Titanium Matrix Composites (TMCs) in Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Material selection, SLM processing parameters, and their influence on the microstructure and properties of TMCs are discussed. The relationship between processing parameters, material characteristics, and the development of defects such as balling, porosity, and cracking is examined.

Extensive Q-factor tuning for leaky modes with minimal frequency variation in asymmetric slab grating structures.

We investigated an asymmetric slab grating structure to achieve significant tuning of the quality (Q) factor for a leaky mode while minimizing frequency variation. This structure comprises two identical gratings placed on the top and bottom of a slab waveguide, with one grating laterally shifted to introduce asymmetry. Simulations demonstrate that lateral shifting of one grating induces extensive changes in the Q-factor with minimal frequency variation, particularly near the band-flip filling fraction because the band-flip filling fraction remains unaffected by the shifting.

Demographic and lifestyle factors associated with perception about risk of passive smoking in the Malaysian adolescent population.

Aims: Exposure to passive smoking among adolescents is a public health concern. This study aims to explore demographic and lifestyle factors associated with perception of passive smoking risk and the mediating effects of exposure to anti-smoking advertisements and education about the dangers of smoking on the relationship between grade levels and the perception.

Method: Data from the Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescents ( = 13,117) were analysed.

Impact of Astigmatism on Axial Elongation in School-Age Children: A Five-Year Population-Based Study in Tianjin, China.

Purpose: To investigate the progression rates of axial length (AXL) among school-age children with baseline astigmatism and spherical ametropia.

Methods: Annual vision screenings were conducted at seven schools in Tianjin, China, from 2018 to 2022. Ocular biometry and non-cycloplegic autorefraction were collected.

Discovery of Electromagnetic Surface Waves at the Interface between Perfect Electric Conductor and Perfect Magnetic Conductor Parallel-Plate Waveguides.

We propose new electromagnetic surface waves at the interface formed by connecting perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) parallel plate waveguides containing materials with positive permittivities and permeabilities. This challenges the conventional understanding that surface waves require materials with negative permittivity or permeability. Theoretical mode analysis and numerical simulations have confirmed the existence of surface waves at the PEC-PMC interface.

Earliest location of glaucomatous retinal nerve fibre layer damage is determined by intact baseline RNFL thickness profile.

Background/aims: To identify whether an intact retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness profile could determine the location of the earliest RNFL defect in glaucoma.

Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study of patients with initial unilateral glaucoma who eventually developed new glaucoma in the fellow eye. Guided progression analysis (GPA) of serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations was used to identify the angular locations of the earliest RNFL defect, peak and temporal edge of the baseline RNFL profile and major vessels based on the peripapillary OCT scan circle.

Exposure to secondhand smoke among school-going adolescents in Malaysia: Results from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Adolescent Health Survey (AHS).

Introduction: The adverse effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on health have been well established. Using the NHMS 2002: Adolescent Health Survey (AHS), this study attempts to evaluate the extent and factors associated with SHS exposure among Malaysian school-going adolescents.

Methods: We conducted the NHMS 2022: AHS to gather a representative sample of school-age teenagers.

Daily Adequate Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortalities in Malaysian Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background/objective: We investigated the relationship between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortalities among Malaysian adults.

Methods: Data from a total of 18,211 Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above whom participated in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 were analyzed. The participants were followed up for approximately 11 years, and mortality data were ascertained through record linkages with the death registry from the Malaysian National Registration Department.

Qualitative Assessment of Barriers to Buprenorphine Access: The Role of Pharmacies.

Background: Patients continue to face challenges accessing medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) despite attempts to loosen prescribing restrictions and streamline service provision. Past research has mainly focused on potential barriers surrounding prescribing practices for buprenorphine, but has had limited investigation into the role of pharmacies.

Objective: This study investigates the role of both pharmacists and pharmacies in creating or circumventing barriers to accessing buprenorphine for individuals in Georgia seeking medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD).

Emergency department encounters and opioid prescribing following orthopaedic trauma among Black and White patients with substance use disorders.

Introduction: Patients living with substance use disorder (SUD) have complex pain management needs, which may be mismanaged during hospital admission. Ineffectively managed pain following orthopaedic trauma, influenced by clinician biases related to race or SUD diagnosis, may subject patients to worse pain outcomes and subsequent emergency department (ED) encounters. This study examined ED encounters and opioid prescribing for pain-related complaints following orthopaedic trauma, among patients with SUD who identify as Black or African American relative to White patients.

Engineering high-valence metal-enriched cobalt oxyhydroxide catalysts for an enhanced OER under near-neutral pH conditions.

Understanding water splitting in pH-neutral media has important implications for hydrogen production from seawater. Despite their significance, electrochemical water oxidation and reduction in neutral electrolytes still face great challenges. This study focuses on designing efficient electrocatalysts capable of promoting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in neutral media by incorporating high-valence elements into transition-metal hydroxides.

Demographic, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors associated with worry-related sleep problems among school-going adolescents in Timor-Leste.

Objective: Adolescent sleep problems are a worldwide public health issue. The present study examines factors associated with worry-related sleep problems among school-going adolescents. The country of interest is Timor-Leste, a low-income country, where studies pertaining to adolescent sleep problems are lacking.

Longitudinal Rates of Change in Structural Parameters of Optical Coherence Tomography in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma following Laser Iridotomy along with Peripheral Iridoplasty.

Background: This study aimed to investigate longitudinal rates of change (LRCs) of structural parameters from optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) after laser iridotomy (LI) along with laser peripheral iridoplasty (PI).

Methods: Among 146 patients diagnosed with PACG, thirty-two subjects (32 eyes) who underwent LI plus PI and accomplished more than five times of reliable OCT tests were included in the current retrospective study. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) were measured by spectral-domain OCT with three month interval.

Compensatory Interactions between Corneal and Internal Astigmatism despite Lifestyle Changes.

This study explores whether children's refractive errors and visual behaviors reverted to pre-COVID-19 levels a year after normal schooling resumed in Hong Kong as well as the impact of corneal and internal astigmatism on refractive astigmatism development. Vision survey data and questionnaire results collected in 2022 ( = 119) and 2020 ( = 173) were compared. Cross-sectional data showed similar proportions of astigmatism (cylindrical power ≥ 0.

Interaction between parental myopia and children lifestyle on the incidence of myopia among children aged 6-18 years: a cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the influence of the interaction between parental myopia and lifestyle on myopia among school-age children.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: This study used data from the Tianjin Child and Adolescent Research of Eye between August and October 2022.

Synchronous myopia development induced by bilateral form deprivation in chicks.

Form deprivation (FD) is a widely employed experimental paradigm, typically used to induce unilateral myopia in animal models. This model is weakened by potential influence upon the FD eye from vision in the freely-viewing contralateral eye, which could be eliminated by imposing FD in both eyes; but while a few previous studies have explored the feasibility of inducing bilateral FD in chicks, substantial discrepancies in treatment outcomes were noted. Consequently, this study aimed to establish a bilateral FD myopia model in chicks, with validation by investigating the associated ocular growth patterns, feeding, and social behavior.

Does Awareness of Malaysian Healthy Plate Associate with Adequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Malaysian Adults with Non-Communicable Diseases?

The healthy eating plate concept has been introduced in many countries, including Malaysia, as a visual guide for the public to eat healthily. The relationship between Malaysian Healthy Plate (MHP) and adequate fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among morbid Malaysian adults is unknown. Hence, we investigated the relationship between awareness of the MHP and FV intake among morbid Malaysian adults.