[Application progress of machine learning in kidney disease].

Kidney disease affects a large number of people around the world, imposing a significant burden to people's health and life. If early prediction, rapid diagnosis and prognosis prediction of kidney disease can be carried out, the health of patients will be better protected. Machine learning belongs to the category of artificial intelligence, which can be divided into supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning.

Gut microbial products valerate and caproate predict renal outcome among the patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy.

Aims: Valerate and caproate are two subtypes of short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota. We aimed to measure the serum valerate and caproate levels and analyze the associations between them and renal prognosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods: The serum samples of patients with biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of DN were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, from April 1, 2013, to March 31, 2018.

Changes of gut microbiota in diabetic nephropathy and its effect on the progression of kidney injury.

Purpose: We aimed to illustrate gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients, and investigate the mechanism of sodium butyrate in diabetic mellitus (DM) rats.

Methods: Gut microbiota and serum SCFA levels were measured by 16S rDNA and GC-MS. After being built by streptozotocin (DM rats), the DM rats were administered 300 mg/kg sodium butyrate for 12 weeks (DM + BU rats).

Mannose-binding lectin activates the nuclear factor-κB and renal inflammation in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Increased serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) level has been proven to correlate with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we aim to find the role and mechanism of MBL involved in the progression of DN. Patients with DN were recruited and divided into two groups according to different rs1800450 genotypes of the MBL2 gene, and inflammatory profiles in monocytes/macrophages were compared between the two groups.

The change of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in diabetic kidney disease.

Background: Previous studies found the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), especially the decreased SCFA-producing bacteria. We aimed to investigate the concentration of the stool and serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gut microbiota-derived metabolites, in individuals with DKD and reveal the correlations between SCFAs and renal function.

Methods: A total of 30 participants with DKD, 30 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and 30 normal controls (NC) in HwaMei Hospital were recruited from 1/1/2018 to 12/31/2019.

Predictive Value of Peripheral Blood Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-To-Lymphocyte Ratio on Patient Survival with Peritoneal Dialysis.

Background: This study is to explore the predictive value of peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) on the prognosis of patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods: A total of 378 patients who underwent PD from July 2004 to November 2019 were selected as the research subjects. According to whether death occurred during the follow-up period, they were divided into death group (86 cases) and survival group (292 cases).

The Correlation Between Low Serum T3 Levels and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

Objective: This study is to investigate the correlation between serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in PD patients.

Methods: A total of 376 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who started maintenance PD treatment in the Department of Nephrology in our hospital and stable treatment for ≥3 months were selected, and the total T3 (TT3) and free T3 (FT3) levels were determined. Among them, 168 cases with FT3 <3.

Reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids levels and the relationship with gut microbiota in IgA nephropathy.

Background: IgA nephropathy(IgAN)) is the common pathological type of glomerular diseases. The role of gut microbiota in mediating "gut-IgA nephropathy" has not received sufficient attention in the previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of fecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), a metabolite of the intestinal microbiota, in patients with IgAN and its correlation with intestinal flora and clinical indicators, and to further investigate the role of the gut-renal axis in IgAN.

Relationship between blood neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis in IgA nephropathy patients.

Background: The study aimed to explore the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) in peripheral blood and renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis and to evaluate the clinical significance of NLR in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients.

Methods: A Total of 263 IgAN patients were included. The participants were categorized into four groups based on quartile of NLR.

Mannose-binding lectin activation is associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Background: We aimed to investigate whether mannose-binding lectin (MBL) activation contributed to the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and its role in predicting the renal prognosis of DN.

Methods: Seventy-seven patients who received renal biopsy in the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University between August 2013 and September 2016 were enrolled in the study. These patients were followed up until the endpoint of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or the last follow-up time of August 31, 2018.

Perilipin2 inhibits diabetic nephropathy-induced podocyte apoptosis by activating the PPARγ signaling pathway.

Podocyte apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perilipin2 on high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte apoptosis and associated mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BTBR ob/ob mice vs.

Association between coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer in a meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies.

Background: Current evidence remains equivocal as to whether and how consumption of coffee may be associated with risk of bladder cancer, and potential influence of confounding by smoking on this association is yet to be elucidated. We conducted an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies to address these issues.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases from inception to April 2019.

Full age spectrum equation versus CKD-EPI and MDRD equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in adults with obstructive nephropathy.

Objective: To compare the full age spectrum (FAS) equation with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations in predicting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with obstructive nephropathy.

Methods: Adult patients with obstructive nephropathy who had undergone a GFR measurement using technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid radioisotope renography were enrolled in the study. The measured GFR was taken as the reference value.

Baseline Serum Magnesium Level and Its Variability in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: Associations with Mortality.

Background/aims: The study aimed at investigating the impact of serum magnesium (Mg) baseline level and its variability on mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.

Methods: Eligible patients receiving regular MHD at Ningbo No. 2 Hospital between January 2009 and August 2016 were enrolled and follow-ups were conducted afterwards until death or transplantation.

Full age spectrum equation may be an alternative method to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease .

Objective: To assess the performance of the full age spectrum (FAS) equation in comparison to other equations in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the first time in China.

Materials And Methods: The measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) obtained by the Tc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid renogram was used as the reference standard. Bias, precision, and accuracy were analyzed to identify which of these four equations performed better: FAS equation, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and the Berlin Initiative Study-1 (BIS-1) equation.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is associated with arterial stiffness in patients with peritoneal dialysis.

Background: Patients with peritoneal dialysis are in the persistent inflammation state and have elevated arterial stiffness. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) is a new inflammatory marker in renal and cardiac disorders. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is a non-invasive measurement, which is widely used as a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness.

Hypomagnesemia Is Associated with Increased Mortality among Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

Objective: Hypomagnesemia has been associated with an increase in mortality among the general population as well as patients with chronic kidney disease or those on hemodialysis. However, this association has not been thoroughly studied in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum magnesium concentrations and all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities in peritoneal dialysis patients.