Evaluation of the use of intraosseous access on adult patients presenting to the emergency department in urban South Africa.

Background: Timely vascular access forms a necessary part of patient management in the Emergency Department (ED). Factors such as hypotension, intravenous drug use, obesity, dark skin, patients at extremes of age, and patients with multiple injuries may make peripheral intravenous cannulation difficult. The intraosseous route remains a suitable alternative for emergency circulatory access.

Colour, composition, digestibility, functionality and pasting properties of diverse kidney beans () flours.

The present work evaluated nine diverse kidney bean accessions for colour, composition, digestibility, protein profile, starch crystallinity, techno-functional properties, pasting properties and microstructure with the objective of identifying key attributes affecting their digestibility and functionality. The accessions exhibited dry matter digestibility, resistant starch (RS) content, water absorption capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsifying activity index (EAI), foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of 14.6-47.

The Epistatic Landscape of Antibiotic Resistance of Different Clades of .

Drug resistance (DR) remains a global challenge in tuberculosis (TB) control. In order to develop molecular-based diagnostic methods to replace the traditional culture-based diagnostics, there is a need for a thorough understanding of the processes that govern TB drug resistance. The use of whole-genome sequencing coupled with statistical and computational methods has shown great potential in unraveling the complexity of the evolution of DR-TB.

Gender inequity norms are associated with increased male-perpetrated rape and sexual risks for HIV infection in Botswana and Swaziland.

Background: There is limited empirical research on the underlying gender inequity norms shaping gender-based violence, power, and HIV risks in sub-Saharan Africa, or how risk pathways may differ for men and women. This study is among the first to directly evaluate the adherence to gender inequity norms and epidemiological relationships with violence and sexual risks for HIV infection.

Methods: Data were derived from population-based cross-sectional samples recruited through two-stage probability sampling from the 5 highest HIV prevalence districts in Botswana and all districts in Swaziland (2004-5).

Prevalence and correlates of forced sex perpetration and victimization in Botswana and Swaziland.

Objectives: We sought to identify correlates of forced sex perpetration among men and victimization among women in Botswana and Swaziland.

Methods: We surveyed a 2-stage probability sample of 2074 adults from the 5 districts of Botswana with the highest HIV prevalence rates and all 4 regions of Swaziland. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify correlates of forced sex victimization and perpetration.

Food insufficiency is associated with high-risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland.

Background: Both food insufficiency and HIV infection are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the impact of food insufficiency on HIV risk behavior has not been systematically investigated. We tested the hypothesis that food insufficiency is associated with HIV transmission behavior.

Methods And Findings: We studied the association between food insufficiency (not having enough food to eat over the previous 12 months) and inconsistent condom use, sex exchange, and other measures of risky sex in a cross-sectional population-based study of 1,255 adults in Botswana and 796 adults in Swaziland using a stratified two-stage probability design.