Global Incidence of Diarrheal Diseases-An Update Using an Interpretable Predictive Model Based on XGBoost and SHAP: A Systematic Analysis.

Background: Diarrheal disease remains a significant public health issue, particularly affecting young children and older adults. Despite efforts to control and prevent these diseases, their incidence continues to be a global concern. Understanding the trends in diarrhea incidence and the factors influencing these trends is crucial for developing effective public health strategies.

Antimicrobial resistance and population genomics of emerging multidrug-resistant 4,[5],12:i:- in Guangdong, China.

4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of Typhimurium, has emerged as a global cause of multidrug-resistant salmonellosis and has become endemic in many developing and developed countries, especially in China. Here, we have sequenced 352 clinical isolates in Guangdong, China, during 2009-2019 and performed a large-scale collection of 4,[5],12:i:- with whole genome sequencing (WGS) data across the globe, to better understand the population structure, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genomic characterization, and transmission routes of 4,[5],12:i:- across Guangdong. 4,[5],12:i:- strains showed broad genetic diversity; Guangdong isolates were found to be widely distributed among the global lineages.

The receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants targets Siglec-9 to decrease its immunogenicity by preventing macrophage phagocytosis.

The development of a vaccine specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron has been hampered due to its low immunogenicity. Here, using reverse mutagenesis, we found that a phenylalanine-to-serine mutation at position 375 (F375S) in the spike protein of Omicron to revert it to the sequence found in Delta and other ancestral strains significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of Omicron vaccines. Sequence FAPFFAF at position 371-377 in Omicron spike had a potent inhibitory effect on macrophage uptake of receptor-binding domain (RBD) nanoparticles or spike-pseudovirus particles containing this sequence.

Polymorphisms of IFN signaling genes and FOXP4 influence the severity of COVID-19.

Background: The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic, mild to moderate, severe, and critical disease. Host genetic variants were recognized to affect the disease severity. However, the genetic landscape differs among various populations.

Potent Antibody Response Elicited by a Third Booster Dose of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Healthy Subjects.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine has been used worldwide on a large scale because of its potent ability to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the antibody response induced by the vaccine needs to be elucidated. Thus, we conducted a prospective trial in healthy subjects to observe the antibody response after three doses of inactivated vaccines. Our results showed that neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels were significantly higher after the booster vaccination compared to the second, a 4.

The instantly blocking-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody.

Introduction: At present, there is an urgent need for the rapid and accurate detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to evaluate the ability of the human body to resist coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after infection or vaccination. The current gold standard for neutralizing antibody detection is the conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT), which requires live pathogens and biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) laboratories, making it difficult for this method to meet the requirements of large-scale routine detection. Therefore, this study established a time-resolved fluorescence-blocking lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (TRF-BLFIA) that enables accurate, rapid quantification of NAbs in subjects.

SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis.

Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cytokine storm, which may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Previous studies have observed enhanced ROS level and signs of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or specimens of patients with COVID-19, but the exact mechanism is not clear yet.

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009-2021.

Polio cases can be missed by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance alone, emphasizing the importance of environmental surveillance (ES). In this study, to investigate the serotype distribution and epidemiological trends of poliovirus (PV), we characterized PV isolated from domestic sewage in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China from 2009 to 2021. A total of 624 sewage samples were collected from the Liede Sewage Treatment Plant, and the positive rates of PV and non-polio enteroviruses were 66.

The genetic diversity, replication, and transmission of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses in China.

Background: The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (pdm09) continue to evolve, and few studies have systemically analyzed the evolution, replication, and transmission of pmd09 viruses in China.

Methods: To better understand the evolution and pathogenicity of pdm09 viruses, we systematically analyzed viruses that were confirmed in 2009-2020 in China and characterized their replication and transmission ability. We extensively analyzed the evolution characteristics of pdm/09 in China over the past decades.

Somatically hypermutated antibodies isolated from SARS-CoV-2 Delta infected patients cross-neutralize heterologous variants.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants feature highly mutated spike proteins with extraordinary abilities in evading antibodies isolated earlier in the pandemic. Investigation of memory B cells from patients primarily with breakthrough infections with the Delta variant enables isolation of a number of neutralizing antibodies cross-reactive to heterologous variants of concern (VOCs) including Omicron variants (BA.1-BA.

Design, synthesis and immunological evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives as adjuvants for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a reliable target for the development of vaccine adjuvants. To identify novel TLR4 ligands with improved immunological properties for use as adjuvants for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, herein, natural monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and nine of its derivatives were designed and synthesized. Immunological evaluation showed that compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7 exhibited comparative or better adjuvant activity than clinically used Al adjuvants, and are expected to be a promising platform for the development of new adjuvants used for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Carriage and Transmission of in Salmonella Typhimurium and Its Monophasic 1,4,[5],12:i:- Variants from Diarrheal Outpatients: a 10-Year Genomic Epidemiology in Guangdong, Southern China.

The banning of colistin as a feed additive for food-producing animals in mainland China in 2017 caused the decline in the prevalence of Escherichia coli-mobilized colistin resistance () in China. Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic 1,4,[5],12:i:- variants are also the main species associated with the spread of ; however, the evidence of the prevalence and transmission of among Salmonella is lacking. Herein, the 5,354 Salmonella isolates recovered from fecal samples of diarrheal patients in Guangdong, Southern China, from 2009 to 2019 were screened for colistin resistance and , and -positive isolates were characterized based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data.

Progress of the COVID-19: Persistence, Effectiveness, and Immune Escape of the Neutralizing Antibody in Convalescent Serum.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new coronavirus causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a major topic of global human health concern. The Delta and Omicron variants have caused alarming responses worldwide due to their high transmission rates and a number of mutations. During a one-year follow-up (from June 2020 to June 2021), we included 114 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to study the long-term dynamics and the correlative factors of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in convalescent patients.

Single-dose rAAV5-based vaccine provides long-term protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants, has posed unprecedented challenges worldwide. Existing vaccines have limited effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, novel vaccines to match mutated viral lineages by providing long-term protective immunity are urgently needed.

Human Fc-Conjugated Receptor Binding Domain-Based Recombinant Subunit Vaccines with Short Linker Induce Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has been ongoing since December 2019, with more than 6.3 million deaths reported globally as of August 2022. Despite the success of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rise in variants, some of which are resistant to the effects of vaccination, highlights the need for a so-called pan-coronavirus (universal) vaccine.

Phylogenomic analysis of Salmonella Indiana ST17, an emerging MDR clonal group in China.

Objectives: To reconstruct the genomic epidemiology and evolution of MDR Salmonella Indiana in China.

Methods: A total of 108 Salmonella Indiana strains were collected from humans and livestock in China. All isolates were subjected to WGS and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Etiology of acute febrile illnesses in Southern China: Findings from a two-year sentinel surveillance project, 2017-2019.

Background: Southern China is at risk for arborvirus disease transmission, including Zika virus and dengue. Patients often present to clinical care with non-specific acute febrile illnesses (AFI). To better describe the etiology of AFI, we implemented a two-year AFI surveillance project at five sentinel hospitals in Yunnan and Guangdong Provinces.

Broad and durable antibody response after vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with a history of 2003 SARS-CoV infection.

In vaccinees who were infected with SARS-CoV in 2003, we observed greater antibody responses against spike and nucleoprotein of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV after a single dosage of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. After receiving the second vaccination, antibodies against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Beta, Delta, and recently emerged Omicron are significantly higher in SARS-CoV experienced vaccinees than in SARS-CoV naïve vaccinees. Neutralizing activities measured by authentic viruses and pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Beta, and Delta are greater in SARS-CoV experienced vaccinees.

A H9N2 Human Case and Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Live Poultry Markets - Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China, 2021.

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: An increasing number of human infected avian influenza A (H9N2) cases have been reported. In 2021, 11 human infections with influenza A virus subtype H9N2 (A/H9N2) have been reported in China.

What Is Added By This Report?: A new case of H9N2 that occurred in April 2021 in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China, was reported in this study.

Long-term asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with deficiency on multiple immune cells.

The immune responses and the function of immune cells among asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection cases, especially in immuno-compromised individuals, remain largely unknown. Here we present a case of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection that lasted for at least 67 days. The patient has administrated Thymalfasin as 1.