Assessment of heterogeneity according to hospital or medical experience factors in outcomes of chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer: a post-hoc analysis of JCOG1113.

Background: JCOG1113 is a randomized phase III trial that showed non-inferiority of gemcitabine plus S-1 to gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. Assessment of inter-institutional heterogeneity in chemotherapy contributes to confirm generalizability and reliability of the study itself. However, there have been no studies conducted to assess the heterogeneity among participating centers in randomized phase III trials for biliary tract cancer.

Characterization of PSA dynamics and oncological outcomes in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors.

Background: This study investigated the characteristics of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dynamics when androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI), or vintage agent (bicalutamide) was used for patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC).

Patients And Methods: A total of 213 mHSPC patients from each of the ARSI and bicalutamide groups treated between 2015 and 2022 were selected from multiple institutions using propensity score-matched analysis to align backgrounds. PSA progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed.

Use of Upadacitinib to Treat a Severe Flare-Up of Rheumatoid Arthritis During Anti-PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is becoming the standard of care for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, T-cell activation by ICIs frequently induces a flare-up of preexisting autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are increasingly used in the treatment of RA, but they could interfere with the efficacy of ICIs by inhibiting interferon signaling.

Impact of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema on lung cancer risk and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Objective: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a syndrome characterized by the coexistence of emphysema and fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CPFE on lung cancer risk and lung cancer-related mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer at five community hospitals between June 2006 and December 2021.

Development of a nomogram to predict survival in advanced biliary tract cancer.

The prognosis of advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients remains poor due to limited efficacy of chemotherapy and difficulties in management. Thus, prediction of survival is crucial for the clinical management of advanced BTC. The aim was to develop and validate a nomogram to predict 6-month and 12-month survival in advanced BTC patients treated with chemotherapy.

A Prospective Study Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Lenvatinib for Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and High Tumor Burden: The LAUNCH Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of lenvatinib in real-world settings, including patients excluded from the REFLECT trial, a phase III trial that compared lenvatinib with sorafenib.

Patients And Methods: This multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label prospective study was conducted at 10 medical facilities in Japan (jRCTs031190017). Eligible patients had advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and were suitable for lenvatinib therapy.

Derivation of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma cell line HS-1 as a patient-derived tumor organoid.

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is a malignant tumor of the exocrine cell lineage with a poor prognosis. Due to its rare incidence and technical difficulties, few authentic human cell lines are currently available, hampering detailed investigations of ACC. Therefore, we applied the organoid culture technique to various types of specimens, such as bile, biopsy, and resected tumor, obtained from a single ACC patient.

Lung Adenocarcinoma with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Mimicking Bone Metastasis.

A 77-year-old man was referred to our hospital for abnormal thoracic radiographs. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a 20-mm subpleural ground-glass opacity in the right S area. A CT-guided biopsy revealed lung adenocarcinoma.

Treatment strategies and outcomes in a long-term registry study of patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer in Japan: An interim analysis of the J-ROCK study.

Objective: The prognosis of high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer is poor, and real-world evidence of therapeutic options and sequences is lacking. The J-ROCK study aimed to evaluate the outcomes in a real-world setting in Japan.

Methods: Patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer diagnosed after May 2019 were eligible.

Outcomes and risk factors for mortality in Pneumocystis pneumonia patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A multicentre retrospective cohort study.

Objectives: The aim is to evaluate outcomes and risk factors for death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who developed Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).

Methods: We included RA patients who were diagnosed with PCP at seven participating community hospitals between July 2005 and October 2020. Clinical features were compared between survivors and non-survivors.

[A CASE OF URACHAL CARCINOMA WITH HIGH FREQUENCY MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI-HIGH) TREATED BY PEMBROLIZUMAB].

A 75-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with suspected gastrointestinal perforation and underwent emergency surgery. Bladder perforation was revealed during the surgery, and she was referred to our department. We detected a tumor on the apex of the bladder and performed partial resection of the bladder.

Validation of a breath-holding test as a screening test for exercise-induced hypoxemia in chronic respiratory diseases.

The detection of exercise-induced hypoxemia is important for evaluating disease status in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is useful for detecting exercise-induced hypoxemia. This pilot study aimed to validate the breath-holding test (BHT) as a screening for exercise-induced hypoxemia and compare its utility with that of the 6MWT in patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis patients with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: A retrospective cohort study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare long-term mortality following diagnosis of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease between patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate predictive factors for death outcomes.

Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients who were newly diagnosed with pulmonary NTM disease at participating institutions between August 2009 and December 2018. Patients were followed until death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study.

Adrenalectomy in Japanese patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome: 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test to predict the surgical benefit.

Objectives: To investigate whether the result of the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test can predict the improvement of comorbidities after adrenalectomy in patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome.

Methods: This retrospective study included 117 subclinical Cushing syndrome patients who underwent adrenalectomy. The numbers of prescribed drugs for metabolic comorbidities and the clinical variables at diagnosis were compared with those at the follow up.

Relationship between post-void residual urine volume, preoperative pyuria and intravesical recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between residual urine volume, pyuria and bladder carcinoma recurrence.

Methods: The clinical data of 305 patients who had post-void residual urine volume measured and preoperative pyuria were retrospectively collected. The patients were classified into three risk groups based on the presence of residual urine and pyuria: good (negative residual urine and pyuria), intermediate (positive residual urine or pyuria) and poor (positive residual urine and pyuria).

Left ileal conduit: A case report.

Introduction: When ileal conduit construction is performed for urinary tract drainage during radical cystectomy, the conduit is usually constructed in the right lower abdomen. However, no reports have described ileal conduit construction in the left lower abdomen when it cannot be performed on the right side. In addition, some ingenuity is necessary for construction on the left.

Prognostic factors influencing overall survival in de novo oligometastatic prostate cancer patients.

Background: Oligometastatic cancer has been suggested as an intermediate state between localized disease and wide-ranging metastases. The clinical significance of local treatment in oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa) has been a recent topic of interest. However, standard definitions of oligometastasis are lacking.

[A Case of Subcutaneous Scrotal Metastasis from Primary Gastric Cancer].

Metastases to the subcutaneous scrotum are extremely rare. Here, we report a 78-year-old man who presented with pain to the scrotum and inguinal area. Two years ago, he underwent total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Prognostic value of an inflammatory index for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Background: The inflammatory process has been reported to be involved in the formation and progression of various types of cancer. Recently, a peripheral inflammatory index, combining the derived neutrophils/(leukocytes minus neutrophils) ratio (dNLR) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, was proposed as a useful prognostic marker in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. The prognostic value of inflammatory markers in prostate cancer has not been established.

How many bone metastases may be defined as high-volume metastatic prostate cancer in Asians: A retrospective multicenter cohort study.

Background: Recent landmark randomized trials (CHAARTED and LATITUDE studies) have highlighted potent upfront therapy for "high-volume" and "high-risk" metastatic castration-naïve prostate cancer (mCNPC). However, treatment response shows racial differences. We aimed to propose a novel definition for "high-volume" prostate cancer in Asians.