Bilateral parapneumonic empyema caused by infection in a healthy individual.

Pulmonary infection caused by , an obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacterium, most commonly occurs as a part of Lemierre's syndrome, i.e., pharyngotonsillitis complicated by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and secondary lung abscesses.

Rapid growth of primary pulmonary meningioma with hemoptysis.

While lung cancer is the predominant neoplasm causing hemoptysis, rare benign neoplasms can also be associated with hemoptysis. A 60-year-old woman presented with cough and hemoptysis. Chest computed tomography revealed an oval-shaped, well-circumscribed solitary mass (10 cm in size) in the right lower lobe, which had grown rapidly over the past year.

anticancer effect of azithromycin targeting hypoxic lung cancer cells via the inhibition of mitophagy.

Solid tumors are predisposed to hypoxia, which induces tumor progression, and causes resistance to treatment. Hypoxic tumor cells exploit auto- and mitophagy to facilitate metabolism and mitochondrial renewal. Azithromycin (AZM), a widely used macrolide, inhibits autophagy in cancer cells.

Bronchoscopic visualization of the inner cavity caused by infection.

We report a 69-year-old man who presented to our hospital with cough and sputum production. He had been in close contact with six domestic cats. He had a smoking history of 40 pack-years and had been in close contact with six domestic cats.

Pulmonary miliary sarcoidosis masquerading the reactivation of tuberculosis 30 years later.

Key Clinical Message: Sarcoidosis may occur after treatment with pulmonary tuberculosis and requires differential diagnosis from tuberculosis reactivation. Miliary sarcoidosis should be promptly differentiated from miliary tuberculosis associated with high mortality.

Abstract: Clinical, histological, and radiological similarities between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis render differential diagnosis challenging.

Fenofibrate attenuates the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin on lung cancer cells by enhancing the antioxidant defense system .

Fenofibrate (FF) is a peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR)-α agonist that is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. It has been shown to have pleiotropic actions beyond its hypolipidemic effect. FF has been shown to exert a cytotoxic effect on some cancer cells when used at higher than clinically relevant concentrations; on the other hand, its cytoprotective effect on normal cells has also been reported.

Black pleural effusion caused by a pancreaticopleural fistula secondary to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis exacerbation accompanying COVID-19.

Pancreaticopleural fistula should be considered in alcohol abusers with pleural effusion, which can exhibit a black color.

Neurogenic pulmonary edema caused by right insular cortex infarction.

We report a case of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) caused by middle cerebral artery infarction involving the right insular cortex. Hyperactivity of the insular cortex, which regulates sympathetic function, can cause NPE. The NPE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dyspneic patients with insular cortex infarction.

Effect of roflumilast on airway remodeling in asthmatic mice exposed to or not exposed to cigarette smoke: Comparison with the effect of dexamethasone.

Cigarette smoking constitutes a risk factor for severe asthma, which is frequently linked to remodeling of the airways. Appropriate drug treatment for smokers with asthma is uncertain because many smokers with asthma are less sensitive to glucocorticoid treatment than non-smokers with asthma. The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-airway remodeling effects of dexamethasone (Dex) and roflumilast (Rof), a selective phosphodiesterases-4 inhibitor, in smoking and non-smoking mice with asthma.

Subcutaneous abscess due to empyema necessitans caused by in a patient with periodontitis.

Empyema necessitans is a rare empyema complication characterized by an extension of empyema out of the pleural space into the subcutaneous tissues of the chest wall. We herein report a case of empyema necessitans that presented as a subcutaneous chest wall abscess caused by (), an important anaerobic periodontal pathogen, in a 74-year-old woman with periodontitis. The patient was admitted to our hospital with a painful soft tissue mass in the chest wall extending from a subpleural lung abscess associated with empyema.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome relapsing in 10 months with an initial manifestation of polymyositis.

Autoimmune disorders are an important cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We report a case of a patient with steroid-responsive ARDS that relapsed in 10 months with an initial manifestation of seronegative polymyositis. ARDS associated with polymyositis may develop earlier than myopathy and may relapse later.

A case of nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia associated with malignant mesothelioma requiring a multifaceted approach for optimal glycemic control.

Nonislet tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by refractory hypoglycemia, which often requires multifaceted therapy. We reported a case of a patient with pleural malignant mesothelioma and developed NICTH, for which chemotherapy, glucocorticoids, and nutrition were given to achieve optimal glycemic control.

A case of humidifier lung with a difficult differential diagnosis from COVID-19.

Acute respiratory illnesses that presented with diffuse ground-glass opacities (GGOs) on chest computed tomography (CT) scan suggest the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, many other diseases show similar CT findings, which often offer a difficult differential diagnosis. Here, we report a case of humidifier lung, a rare phenotype of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), which mimicked COVID-19.

Fenofibrate inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in human lung fibroblasts in vitro.

Fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a lipid-lowering agent, can decrease experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effect of FF remain unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of FF on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in lung fibroblasts.

Differential effects of dexamethasone and roflumilast on asthma in mice with or without short cigarette smoke exposure.

Appropriate drug treatment for smoking asthmatics is uncertain because most smokers with asthma are less sensitive to treatment with glucocorticoids compared with non-smokers with asthma. We hypothesized that roflumilast (Rof), a selective phosphodiesterases-4 inhibitor regarded as an add-on therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, might be more effective than glucocorticoids for improving asthma in smokers. To investigate this hypothesis, we compared the therapeutic effects of dexamethasone (Dex) and Rof in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma with or without concurrent cigarette smoke (CS) exposure for 2 weeks.

Differential diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis from asthma by 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography.

About a half of all patients with relapsing polychondritis show airway involvement, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from this disease. FDG-PET/CT is useful in the differential diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis from asthma.

Anti-cancer strategy targeting the energy metabolism of tumor cells surviving a low-nutrient acidic microenvironment.

Objective: Tumor cells experience hypoxia, acidosis, and hypoglycemia. Metabolic adaptation to glucose shortage is essential to maintain tumor cells' survival because of their high glucose requirement. This study evaluated the hypothesis that acidosis might promote tumor survival during glucose shortage and if so, explored a novel drug targeting metabolic vulnerability to glucose shortage.

Can DL/DL ratio offset prejudicial effects of functional heterogeneities in acinar regions?

Objectives: (1) To establish the general equation that describes relationship of DM/Vc versus DL/DL under conditions with no functional heterogeneities. (2) To examine the effects of functional heterogeneities, including parallel and series (stratified) heterogeneities, on DL/DL.

Results And Discussions: (1) Given that "true" θ in pulmonary capillaries is represented by surface absorption-related θ, relationship between DM/Vc and DL/DL does not differ significantly from that obtained on premise of infinite θ.

Oral mite anaphylaxis after ingestion of Korean pancake.

Background: Oral mite anaphylaxis (OMA) is a syndrome characterized by severe allergic manifestations occurring in atopic patients shortly after the intake of foods made with mite-contaminated wheat flour. A history of atopic disease has been identified as one of risk factors for the development of OMA. This is the report that OMA was induced by the ingestion of Korean pancake prepared with commercial mixed wheat flour contaminated with mites.