Early pharmacodynamic assessment using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography on molecular targeted therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy for clinical outcome prediction.

Early prediction of therapeutic outcome is important in determining whether the ongoing therapy is beneficial. In addition to anatomical response determined using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, recent studies have indicated that change in tumor glucose use on or after treatment correlates with histopathologic tumor regression and patient outcomes. This Perspective discusses the use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for pharmacodynamic evaluation in a very early phase of treatment to predict clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Phase I/II study of docetaxel and S-1 in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the recommended dose of docetaxel in combination with a novel oral 5-fluorouracil analogue S-1 and evaluate the efficacy and safety in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer.

Methods: In phase I, patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer were treated with docetaxel (starting dose 40 mg/m) intravenously on day 1 and oral administration of S-1 at a fixed dose of 80 mg/m on days 1 to14 every 3 weeks. The recommended dose was the dose level preceding the maximum tolerated dose; once determined, patients were enrolled in phase II.

Hodgkin's reed-sternberg cell line (KM-H2) promotes a bidirectional differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from CD4+ naive T cells.

A recent report revealed that a large population of Hodgkin's lymphoma-infiltrating lymphocytes (HLILs) consisted of regulatory T cells. In this study, we cocultured CD4+ naive T cells with KM-H2, which was established as a Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cell line, to clarify their ability to induce CD25+ Forkhead box P3+ (Foxp3+) T cells. The characteristic analyses of T cells cocultured with KM-H2 revealed the presence of CD4+CD25+ T cells.

Bone marrow monocyte lineage cells adhere on injured endothelium in a monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-dependent manner and accelerate reendothelialization as endothelial progenitor cells.

Peripheral blood (PB)-derived CD14+ monocytes were shown to transdifferentiate into endothelial cell (EC) lineage cells and contribute to neovascularization. We investigated whether bone marrow (BM)- or PB-derived CD34-/CD14+ cells are involved in reendothelialization after carotid balloon injury. Although neither hematopoietic nor mesenchymal stem cells were included in human BM-derived CD34-/CD14+ monocyte lineage cells (BM-MLCs), they expressed EC-specific markers (Tie2, CD31, VE-cadherin, and endoglin) to an extent identical to mature ECs.

Dendritic cells are decreased in blood and accumulated in granuloma in tuberculosis.

Immunity against tuberculosis consists of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of dendritic cells (DC), which are known to elicit a variety of immune responses, in patients with tuberculosis. CD11c(+) peripheral blood DC were decreased in patients with tuberculosis.

Interferon-alpha and interleukin-12 are induced differentially by Toll-like receptor 7 ligands in human blood dendritic cell subsets.

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the immune responses against infections by sensing microbial invasion through toll-like receptors (TLRs). In humans, two distinct DC subsets, CD11c(-) plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and CD11c(+) myeloid DCs (MDCs), have been identified and can respond to different TLR ligands, depending on the differential expression of cognate TLRs. In this study, we have examined the effect of TLR-7 ligands on human DC subsets.