Glioma Image-Level and Slide-Level Gene Predictor (GLISP) for Molecular Diagnosis and Predicting Genetic Events of Adult Diffuse Glioma.

The latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors (WHO2021/5th) has incorporated molecular information into the diagnosis of each brain tumor type including diffuse glioma. Therefore, an artificial intelligence (AI) framework for learning histological patterns and predicting important genetic events would be useful for future studies and applications. Using the concept of multiple-instance learning, we developed an AI framework named GLioma Image-level and Slide-level gene Predictor (GLISP) to predict nine genetic abnormalities in hematoxylin and eosin sections: , , mutations, promoter mutations, homozygous deletion (CHD), amplification (amp), 7 gain/10 loss (7+/10-), 1p/19q co-deletion, and promoter methylation.

Virtual multi-staining in a single-section view for renal pathology using generative adversarial networks.

Sections stained in periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), periodic acid-methenamine silver (PAM), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Masson's trichrome (MT) stain with minimal morphological discordance are helpful for pathological diagnosis in renal biopsy. Here, we propose an artificial intelligence-based re-stainer called PPHM-GAN (PAS, PAM, H&E, and MT-generative adversarial networks) with multi-stain to multi-stain transformation capability. We trained three GAN models on 512 × 512-pixel patches from 26 training cases.

GATA4 is diagnostically useful for distinguishing primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas to the ovary.

Aim: Determining the primary origin of an ovarian mucin-producing carcinoma can be challenging at times because some metastases of primary colorectal origin may exhibit gross, microscopic, and/or immunohistochemical features that overlap with those of primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas (OMCs). We hypothesized that GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) might be a novel, useful marker for differentiating primary OMCs from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas to the ovary.

Methodology: For comparison with the usefulness of other markers (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) and caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2)), we elucidated the expression profiles of GATA4 in OMCs, colorectal non-mucinous adenocarcinomas (CNMACs), and colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas (CMACs) using immunohistochemistry.

Expression of CXCL12 in esophageal high grade dysplasia characterized pathologically by lymphocyte accumulation directly under the lesion.

Squamous dysplasia of the esophagus is an unequivocal neoplastic alteration of the esophageal squamous epithelium without invasion. Esophageal high grade dysplasia (EHGD) is characterized by >50% epithelial involvement or severe cytological atypia. Frequently, lymphocytes accumulate below EHGD lesions even though there is no invasion.

Transdifferentiation of mantle cell lymphoma into sarcoma with limited neuromuscular differentiation after conventional chemotherapy.

We report an exceptionally rare case of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) that transdifferentiated into sarcoma with limited neuromuscular differentiation. An 81-year-old man with t(11;14)-positive MCL was treated with rituximab and bendamustine and achieved complete remission; however, just 2 months later, the patient developed multiple systemic tumors. Pathologic studies revealed round cell sarcoma expressing synaptophysin, CD56, and myogenin without any B-cell markers.

Expressions of CXCL12, CXCL10 and CCL18 in Warthin tumors characterized pathologically by having a lymphoid stroma with germinal centers.

The Warthin tumor is a benign neoplasm of the salivary glands, histologically, the tumor has an oncocytic epithelial component forming uniform rows of cells surrounded by cystic spaces associated with a lymphoid stroma often showing the presence of germinal centers. The lymphoid stroma is a representative microscopic finding. If this lymphocytic accumulation is active, some sort of transmitter should exist between the Warthin tumor cells and lymphocytes.

Significant therapeutic effectiveness of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for a patient with post-operative recurrent pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma.

Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) is a poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer. Because of its rarity, no standard therapy has been established for advanced disease. We herein report on a 62-year-old man with recurrent post-operative PPC, for whom durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy was effective.

Expressions of IL-8 and CXCL5 in uterine endometrioid carcinomas which have frequent neutrophil infiltration and comparison to colorectal adenocarcinoma.

In endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) of the uterine corpus, neutrophil accumulation within the carcinoma cell clusters is a representative microscopic finding. Because this accumulation is active, some sort of transmitter ought to exist between the EC cells and neutrophils. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) is a cytokine that attracts neutrophils in vivo.

Bone Marrow Invasion of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Endometrium: A Diagnostic Pitfall Mimicking a Haematological Malignancy.

Metastasis of cancer cells to the bone marrow is relatively rare, despite being one of the most important causes of myelosuppression in patients with solid tumours. A bone marrow examination via a biopsy is the standard method of diagnosing cancer cell invasion into the bone marrow. However, it is sometimes challenging to distinguish neuroendocrine carcinoma cells from haematopoietic cells due to their small, round shape and chromosomal abnormalities resembling haematological malignancies.

SMARCB1/INI1 Is Diagnostically Useful in Distinguishing α-Fetoprotein-producing Gastric Carcinoma from Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background/aim: Switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF)-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1), also named integrase interactor 1, is one of the core subunit proteins in the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex encoded at chromosomal position 22q11.2. Complete loss of SMARCB1 expression has been reported in various malignant tumors.

Diagnostic Utility of Prostein, Uroplakin II and SATB2 for Diagnosing Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Origin: A Systematic Immunohistochemical Profiling.

Background/aim: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate 600 carcinomas of major histological types from various organs to determine the tissue distributions of the novel markers prostein, uroplakin II and SATB2.

Materials And Methods: We retrieved 30 cases from 20 different carcinomas of systemic organs.

Results: All prostate adenocarcinomas were immunopositive for prostein, and its reactivity was consistently diffuse.

High expression of CD10 in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas.

Aims: CD10 is an endopeptidase that degrades various bioactive peptides in the extracellular matrix. In addition to enzymatic degradation, it affects multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways. CD10 expression has been extensively studied in human epithelial cancers of numerous organs and sites.

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) Labeling Index Is Related to Risk Grade in Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Background/aim: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the significance of apoptosis in the Fletcher's risk classification for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).

Materials And Methods: Apoptotic cells were identified by immunostaining for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). We assigned each GIST to one of four risk groups: very low risk, n=32; low risk, n=53; intermediate risk, n=15; high risk, n=6).

Esophagogastric Junction Carcinomas - Discriminating Histological Types Through Immunohistochemistry.

Background/aim: Although differentiating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from adenocarcinoma (AC) at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is important for the choice of treatment, this can occasionally be difficult with small biopsy specimens. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the most useful immunomarker panel for discriminating between SCC and AC of the EGJ.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed 15 SCCs and 26 ACs of the EGJ obtained surgically using immunohistochemistry.

Frequent BRAF and Absence of TERT Promoter Mutations Characterize Sporadic Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas in Japan.

Pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has unique features but requires further genetic investigation. Moreover, there has been increasing concern about the risk for pediatric PTC in Japan after the Fukushima accident. This study aims to evaluate the frequencies of BRAF and TERT promoter mutations and to examine their significance in non-radiation-associated pediatric PTCs in Japan.

Immunohistochemical detection of NRAS(Q61R) protein in follicular-patterned thyroid tumors.

The NRAS(A182G) mutation, which results in the NRAS(Q61R) protein, is a major driver mutation in follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms. Although new immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NRAS(Q61R) is now available, its sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic utility for thyroid tumors are not yet established. We performed IHC for NRAS(Q61R) and direct sequencing for NRAS codon 61 in 4 thyroid cancer-derived cell lines and 98 follicular-patterned thyroid tumors that included 22 follicular thyroid adenomas (FTAs), 35 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs), and 41 cases of nodular hyperplasia (NH).

Spindle cell oncocytoma of adenohypophysis: Report of a case and immunohistochemical review of literature.

We present a case of spindle cell oncocytoma (SCO) of the adenohypophysis in a 70-year-old Vietnamese male. The patient was admitted to Cho Ray Hospital after suffering from headache and visual disturbance for 6 months. Clinicians detected a 60×55×45 mm(3) mass located in the suprasellar-sellar region.

Branchial Cleft-Like Cysts Involving 3 Different Organs: Thyroid Gland, Thymus, and Parotid Gland.

Branchial cleft cysts (BCCs) are also named lateral cervical cysts and widely acknowledged as being derived from embryonic remnants. Lymphoepithelial cysts (LECs) generally show microscopic features that are identical to those of BCCs, and rarely occur at unusual sites or organs.A case of multiple cysts arising in both lobes of the thyroid gland, thymus, and right parotid gland in a 41-year-old man is reported.

Squamous morula formation in colorectal adenoma: Immunohistochemical and molecular analyses.

Little is known about the squamous morular component (SMC) in colorectal neoplasms because of its rarity. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic characteristics of SMCs in colorectal adenomas. Five colorectal adenomas having SMCs were resected from five patients endoscopically.

Signet ring cell carcinoma of the non-ampullary duodenum: A case report.

We describe a case of signet ring cell carcinoma of the non-ampullary duodenum in an 86-year-old woman. Endoscopic examination revealed a fungating lesion (Borrmann classification; type 2) on the anterior wall of the descending duodenum (second part). Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed.

Multicentric occurrence of multiple papillary thyroid carcinomas--HUMARA and BRAF mutation analysis.

Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) occasionally form multiple tumor foci in different sites of the same thyroid gland. However, it is controversial whether discrete nodules of PTC arise independently (multicentric occurrence) or are seeded from a single tumor via lymphatic channels (intraglandular metastasis). In order to determine the clonal origin of multiple PTCs, we examined X-chromosome inactivation patterns using a human androgen receptor gene-based assay (HUMARA) and the BRAF mutation using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) in 32 microdissected cancerous tissues from 14 Japanese women with multifocal PTC.