Characteristics of Fresh Lumbar Spondylolysis Occurring below the Age of 9 Years.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare two groups (9 years or younger [U-9] and 10 years or older [O-10]) of patients with fresh lumbar spondylolysis and elucidate their characteristics.

Methods: This study enrolled 51 elementary school students diagnosed with fresh lumbar spondylolysis through magnetic resonance imaging between March 2015 and March 2022. Study 1 included 10 and 46 patients in the early- and late-grade groups, respectively.

Ligand- and Counterion-Assisted Phenol -Arylation with TMP-Iodonium(III) Acetates.

High reactivity of trimethoxyphenyl (TMP)-iodonium(III) acetate for phenol -arylation was achieved. It was first determined that the TMP ligand and acetate anion cooperatively enhance the electrophilic reactivity toward phenol oxygen atoms. The proposed method provides access to various diaryl ethers in significantly higher yields than the previously reported techniques.