Substance P effects exclusively on prototypic neurons in mouse globus pallidus.

Previous studies have suggested that the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) expressing neurons in the globus pallidus (GP) receive substance P (SP), presumably released by axon collaterals of striatal direct neurons. However, the effect of SP on the GP remains unclear. In this study, we identified that the SP-responsive cells comprise a highly specific cell type in the GP with regard to immunofluorescence, electrophysiology, and projection properties.

Esophageal cancer risk by ALDH2 and ADH2 polymorphisms and alcohol consumption: exploration of gene-environment and gene-gene interactions.

Alcohol drinking is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer in Japan and its impact may be modulated by levels of ALDH2, ADH2 and CYP2E1, three representative alcohol-metabolizing enzymes which display genetic polymorphisms altering individual alcohol-oxidizing capacity and drinking behavior. To assess the actual influence of ADH2 Arg47His, ALDH2 Glu487Lys and CYP2E1 variant c2 allele polymorphisms on esophageal cancer risk with conjunction with alcoholic consumption, the present 1:3 matched case-control study was conducted. The 165 histologically diagnosed Japanese esophageal cancer cases were here compared with 495 randomly selected controls, matched with respect to sex and age.