Phenotypic characteristics of adipocyte-like cells generated from C2C12 myoblasts cultured with chicken serum.

The aim of this study was to clarify the transcriptional and metabolic characteristics of C2C12 myoblasts cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 20 % chicken serum (CHS) (C2C12-CHS cells) compared with C2C12 myoblasts cultured in DMEM containing 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) (C2C12-FBS cells). After 3 days of culture, C2C12-CHS cells showed a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, accompanied by increased expression levels of brown adipocyte-related genes (i.e.

Effects of Delaying Post-hatch Feeding on the Plasma Metabolites of Broiler Chickens Revealed by Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics.

Exogenous nutrients are essential for body and skeletal muscle growth in newly hatched chicks, and delaying post-hatch feeding negatively affects body growth, meat yield, and meat quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of delayed post-hatch feeding on the metabolic profiles of broiler chickens using a combination of targeted and untargeted metabolomics. Newly hatched chicks had either immediate free access to feed (freely fed chicks) or no access to feed from 0 to 2 days of age (delayed-fed chicks); both groups were subsequently provided feed until 13 days of age.

Regulation of autophagy in chick myotube cultures: Effect of uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Abstracts: Skeletal muscles have a high demand for ATP, which is met largely through mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass under catabolic conditions. This study investigated the effect of uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation on autophagy in chicken skeletal muscle.

Effects of low-protein diet and feed restriction on mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporters in porcine skeletal muscles.

We investigated the effects of a low-protein diet and feed restriction on the mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) in the longissimus dorsi (LD), rhomboideus (RH), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of pigs. Eighteen piglets were divided into three groups: a control (CP21%), low-protein diet (LP, CP16%), and feed-restricted diet (FR, CP21%, 76% feed intake of control pigs) groups. The expression levels of CAT-1 in the LD and BF muscles of LP pigs were higher than that of control pigs, whereas that of FR pigs showed no difference.

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation Suppresses Protein Synthesis and mTORC1 Signaling in Chick Myotube Cultures.

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is considered one of the most energy-consuming cellular processes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and it is implicated in protein synthesis control in skeletal muscles. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of protein metabolism in cells.

Suppression of FoxO1 mRNA by β -adrenoceptor-cAMP signaling through miR-374b-5p and miR-7a-1-3p in C2C12 myotubes.

β -Adrenoceptor (β -AR) signaling decreases the transcriptional activity of forkhead box O (FoxO), but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated how β -AR signaling regulates the protein abundance of FoxO and its transcriptional activity in skeletal muscle. We observed that stimulation of β -AR with its selective agonist, clenbuterol, rapidly decreased FoxO1 mRNA expression, and this was accompanied by a decrease in either FoxO1 protein level or FoxO transcriptional activity.

Three cases of sequential treatment with nintedanib following pulsed-dose corticosteroids for acute exacerbation of interstitial lung diseases.

We describe three cases of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) in which patients were treated with pulsed-doses of corticosteroids followed by nintedanib and maintenance doses of corticosteroids. All cases responded well to pulsed-dose corticosteroids. However, in conventional practice, corticosteroids can complicate adverse events, including opportunistic infections, diabetes, and osteoporosis.

A fatal case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage complicated by rheumatoid arthritis.

We describe a fatal case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) complicated by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A female patient was diagnosed with RA two months earlier and was treated with prednisolone and tacrolimus due to abnormalities in chest images. The patient was admitted to Hamanomachi Hospital for exertional dyspnea and was treated for exacerbation of chronic heart failure.

Insulin Stimulation of Protein Synthesis and mTOR Signaling in Chick Myotube Cultures.

Insulin stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. Protein synthesis is controlled by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in skeletal muscles. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of insulin on protein synthesis and mTOR signaling in chick myotube cultures.

Effects of delaying post-hatch feeding on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression in the pectoralis major muscle of newly hatched chicks.

Excessive lipid peroxidation negatively affects the physiological response and meat quality of chickens. Delaying post-hatch feeding was previously found to increase lipid peroxidation in the skeletal muscle of finishing broiler chickens. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of delayed post-hatch feeding on lipid peroxidation and the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes in the pectoralis major muscle of broiler chicks during the post-hatching period.

Regulation of Autophagy in Chick Skeletal Muscle: Effect of mTOR Inhibition.

Autophagy in the skeletal muscle increases under catabolic conditions resulting in muscle atrophy. This study investigated the effect of inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) on autophagy in chick skeletal muscle. We examined the effects of Torin1, an mTOR inhibitor, on autophagy.

Insulin acutely increases glucose transporter 1 on plasma membranes and glucose uptake in an AKT-dependent manner in chicken adipocytes.

Avian glucose transporters (GLUT) responsible for insulin-responsive glucose uptake into adipocytes remain poorly characterized. We aimed to identify the insulin-responsive GLUT using primary culture of chicken adipocytes. Acute stimulation with 1 μM insulin for 20 min increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake, AKT protein phosphorylation, and GLUT1 protein levels on the plasma membrane of the chicken adipocytes, whereas pretreatment with 10 μM triciribine, an AKT inhibitor, canceled these effects.

The β-adrenergic receptor is involved in differences in the protein degradation level of the pectoral muscle between fast- and slow-growing chicks during the neonatal period.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether β-AR mRNA expression is involved in either atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA expression or protein degradation in chicken skeletal muscle by comparing fast- and slow-growing chicks during the neonatal period. Based on their body weight gain from 1 to 5 days of age, 5-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus domestics) were divided into a slow-growing and a fast-growing group, the mean weight gains of which were 6.3 ± 1.

Regulation of Autophagy in Chick Myotubes: Effects of Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Amino Acids.

Autophagy, an intracellular bulk protein degradation system in skeletal muscle, is increased under catabolic conditions resulting in muscle atrophy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and amino acids on autophagy (LC3-II content and expression of autophagy-related genes) in chick myotubes. Chick myotubes were incubated with insulin (1 g/m), IGF-I (100 ng/m), and amino acids for 3 h.

Expression of cationic amino acid transporters in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development.

The cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) protein family transports lysine and arginine in cellular amino acid pools. We hypothesized that CAT expression changes in pig skeletal muscles during rapid pig postnatal development. We aimed to investigate the tissue distribution and changes in the ontogenic expression of CATs in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development.

Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on the Expression of Atrogin-1/MAFbx in Chick Myotube Cultures.

The expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx, a muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is increased in catabolic conditions that result in muscle atrophy. The expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA is also decreased by the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in mammalian skeletal muscle cell cultures. This study investigated the effect of IGF-I on the expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx in chicken skeletal muscle cell cultures.

Loading and removal of PAHs, fragrance compounds, triclosan and toxicity by composting process from sewage sludge.

Although the production of compost from sewage sludge is well established in developed countries, the use of sludge-based compost may represent a source of pollutants. The present study assessed the levels of potentially harmful compounds in compost as well as their rates of decrease during composting. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three fragrance compounds (OTNE, HHCB and AHTN) and triclosan were determined in the initial sewage sludge and in compost over the span of 1year.

β- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation differ in their effects on PGC-1α and atrogin-1/MAFbx gene expression in chick skeletal muscle.

Adrenaline changes expression of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), which is known as a regulator of muscle size, and atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), which is a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase. However, the subtype of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) involved in regulating these genes in skeletal muscle is not yet well defined. In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal injection of adrenaline and three β-AR selective agonists on chick skeletal muscle metabolism were examined, to evaluate the functions of β-AR subtypes.

Effects of first exogenous nutrients on the mRNA levels of atrogin-1/MAFbx and GLUT1 in the skeletal muscles of newly hatched chicks.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of first exogenous nutrients on the mRNA levels of muscle atrophy F-box (atrogin-1/MAFbx) and glucose transporters (GLUTs) in the skeletal muscles of newly hatched chicks with no feed experience. In experiment 1, newly hatched chicks had free access to feed or were fasted for the first 24h. The chicks having free access to feed for the first 24h increased their body weight and had decreased atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA levels in their sartorius and pectoralis major muscles compared with the fasted chicks.

Clenbuterol changes phosphorylated FOXO1 localization and decreases protein degradation in the sartorius muscle of neonatal chicks.

To investigate the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which clenbuterol reduces muscle protein degradation, we examined the phosphorylation level and intracellular localization of FOXO1 in the sartorius muscle of neonatal chicks. One-day-old chicks were given a single intraperitoneal injection of clenbuterol (0.1 mg/kg body weight).

Gene expression pattern of glucose transporters in the skeletal muscles of newly hatched chicks.

The gene expression pattern of the glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT8, and GLUT12) among pectoralis major and minor, biceps femoris, and sartorius muscles from newly hatched chicks was examined. GLUT1 mRNA level was higher in pectoralis major muscle than in the other muscles. Phosphorylated AKT level was also high in the same muscle, suggesting a relationship between AKT and GLUT1 expression.

Effect of dexamethasone on the expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx in chick skeletal muscle.

Expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx, a muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is high under catabolic conditions, that result in muscle atrophy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx is increased by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in mammalian skeletal muscle. This study investigated the effects of dexamethasone on expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx in skeletal muscle of neonatal chicks and in chick myotubes.

Compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes induced by the combined effect of lysine sufficiency and modulation of IGF-I and glucocorticoid levels.

We have reported that a change from a lysine-deficient diet to a lysine-sufficient diet induced compensatory growth in rats and pigs. The aim of the present study was to determine whether compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes occurs only by sufficiency of lysine or also by the synergic effect of sufficiency of lysine and modulation of the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and glucocorticoid in a medium. The results provide the first evidence of compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes induced by sufficiency of a single amino acid in combination with modulation of the levels of IGF-I and glucocorticoid.

Comparison of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA expression in the gizzards of egg- and meat-type chickens.

We examined atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA expression in the smooth muscle of gizzards from egg- and meat-type chickens. Gizzard weight relative to body weight was significantly lower in the meat-type chickens than in the egg-type at 14 d of age. In contrast, the level of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA in the gizzard was significantly higher in the meat-type chickens than in the egg-type chickens.

Atrogin-1/MAFbx, a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in the smooth muscle of the chicken gizzard.

This study was conducted to investigate the expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx, a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase, in the smooth muscle of the chicken gizzard. Atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA expression was detected in the skeletal muscle, heart (cardiac muscle), gizzard (smooth muscle), brain, and liver of chicks, with highest expression in the smooth muscle of the gizzard. The expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA in the smooth muscle of the gizzard was increased by fasting (24 h), and this increase was reduced by refeeding (2 h).