Distinct effects of three Wolbachia strains on fitness and immune traits in Homona magnanima.

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia occasionally increases host fitness or manipulates host reproductions to enhance vertical transmission. Multiple Wolbachia strains can coinfect the same host individual, which alters the density as well as phenotypes of the bacteria. However, the effects of Wolbachia coinfection on host fitness remain largely unknown.