Time Course of Changes in the Neurovascular Unit after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Rats.

Exposure to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults in newborns can predispose them to severe neurological sequela. The mechanisms underlying HI-related brain injury have not been completely elucidated. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a composite of structures that protect the brain from the influx of detrimental molecules.

Changes in Cellular Localization of Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins after Cerebral Ischemia in the Near-Term Ovine Fetus.

Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are key immunomodulatory molecules. Endogenous IAIPs are present in human, rodent, and sheep brains, and are variably localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei at multiple developmental stages. We have previously reported that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) reduces IAIP concentrations in the fetal sheep brain.

High-mobility group box-1 and inter-alpha inhibitor proteins: In vitro binding and co-localization in cerebral cortex after hypoxic-ischemic injury.

The high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a transcription-regulating protein located in the nucleus. However, it serves as a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that activates immune cells and stimulates inflammatory cytokines to accentuate neuroinflammation after release from damaged cells. In contrast, Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are proteins with immunomodulatory effects including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Head circumference in infants with nonopiate-induced neonatal abstinence syndrome.

Background: No relationship has been reported between nonopiate neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and anthropometric indices, including head circumference (HC). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal nonopioid drug use and HC at birth in neonates with NAS.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included neonates born between January 1, 2010 and March 31, 2019, whose mothers had been taking antipsychotic, antidepressant, sedative, or anticonvulsant medications.

Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 in a non-epidemic setting.

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a recently defined clinical disease accompanied by the national outbreak of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in the United States during the late summer/fall of 2014; 258 cases of EV-D68 and 59 cases of AFM were reported in Japan during the late summer/fall of 2015. Subsequently, there have been no epidemics of AFM or EV-D68. However, we encountered a patient who had AFM associated with EV-D68 in 2017.

Combined effect of anti-high-mobility group box-1 monoclonal antibody and peramivir against influenza A virus-induced pneumonia in mice.

Human pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus causes significant morbidity and mortality with severe acute lung injury due to the excessive inflammatory reaction, even with neuraminidase inhibitor use. The anti-inflammatory effect of anti-high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) against influenza pneumonia has been reported. In this study, we evaluated the combined effect of anti-HMGB1 mAb and peramivir against pneumonia induced by influenza A (H1N1) virus in mice.

Pial arteriovenous fistula of the spine in a child with hemiplegia.

Pial arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an extremely rare disease in children. When a child presents with sudden onset of hemiparesis and headache, it is very important to perform spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning for early diagnosis and treatment.

Anti-high mobility group box-1 monoclonal antibody treatment of brain edema induced by influenza infection and lipopolysaccharide.

Encephalopathy is a major cause of influenza-associated child death and severe neurological sequelae in Japan, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of anti-high mobility group box-1 monoclonal antibody (α-HMGB1) treatment on brain edema induced by influenza A virus (IAV) and lipopolysaccharide in 4-week-old BALB/c female mice. The results showed that administration of 7.