In Vitro Efficacy of Isobutyl Cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles against Fish Bacterial Pathogens and Selection Preference by Rainbow Trout ().

The upsurge in havoc being wreaked by antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to an urgent need for efficacious alternatives to antibiotics. This study assessed the antibacterial efficacy of two isobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (iBCA-NPs), D6O and NP30, against major bacterial pathogens of fish. In vivo tests on rainbow trout were preceded by in vitro tests of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Excited-State Dynamics Achieved Ultimate Stereocontrol of Photocyclodimerization of Anthracenecarboxylates on a Glucose Scaffold.

Near-perfect stereoselectivity was attained in the diastereodifferentiating [4 + 4] photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylates tethered to a glucose scaffold not by thermodynamically tuning the conformer equilibrium in the ground state but by kinetically controlling the conformer dynamics and reactivity in the excited state, which enabled us, after removal of the scaffold, to obtain a single enantiomer of chiral anti-head-to-head-cyclodimer in >99% optical and 96% chemical yield from an ensemble of four precursor conformers.

Personalization of head-related transfer functions in the median plane based on the anthropometry of the listener's pinnae.

A listener's own head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are required for accurate three-dimensional sound image control. The HRTFs of other listeners often cause front-back confusion and errors in the perception of vertical angles. However, measuring the HRTFs of all listeners for all directions of a sound source is impractical because the measurement requires a special apparatus and a lot of time.

Mechanism for generating peaks and notches of head-related transfer functions in the median plane.

It has been suggested that the first spectral peak and the first two spectral notches of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are cues for sound localization in the median plane. Therefore, to examine the mechanism for generating spectral peaks and notches, HRTFs were calculated from four head shapes using the finite-difference time-domain method. The comparison between HRTFs calculated from the whole head and the pinna-related transfer functions calculated from the segmented pinna indicated that the pinna determines the basic peak-notch pattern of the HRTFs.