Pulmonary manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease: Two case reports.

Pulmonary involvement associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are a rare extraintestinal manifestation (EIM) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we herein presented two cases. Case 1: 53-year-old man with Crohn's disease treated with mesalazine and azathioprine. Pulmonary nodular shadows were incidentally detected on chest imaging, and revealed granulomas through transbronchial lung biopsy.

The respiratory microbiome associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Research has shown that some microbiomes are linked to cancer. Hence, we hypothesize that alterations in the respiratory microbiome might be associated with lung cancer.

Methods: Through droplet digital polymerase chain reaction analysis, we investigated the abundance of Acidovorax in surgically resected primary tumors and corresponding nontumor lung tissues obtained from 50 Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Therapy for Non-Severe COVID-19 in Patients Not Requiring Supplemental Oxygen Who Have Risk Factors for Severe Disease.

Background: Because they suppress cytokine production, corticosteroids are a candidate therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effectiveness of corticosteroids is unclear for non-severe COVID-19 that does not require supplemental oxygen. This study investigated the effectiveness of corticosteroid therapy for patients with non-severe COVID-19.

Acute respiratory failure due to infection with acute fibrinous and organazing pneumonia: A case report.

A 59-year-old woman complaining of wet cough, hemoptysis, slight fever, anorexia, and malaise was admitted to hospital with suspected lobar pneumonia. She received treatment for myocardial infarction and deep venous thrombosis caused by familial protein C deficiency. Rapid deterioration due to respiratory failure occurred despite intensive care with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Rictor-targeting exosomal microRNA-16 ameliorates lung fibrosis by inhibiting the mTORC2-SPARC axis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized by pathological lung fibroblast activation and proliferation resulting in abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the lung parenchyma. The pathophysiological roles of exosomal microRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis remain unclear; therefore, we aimed to identify and characterize fibrosis-responsive exosomal microRNAs. We used microRNA array analysis and profiled the expression of exosome-derived miRNA in sera of C57BL/6 mice exhibiting bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Acinetobacter baumannii can be transferred from contaminated nitrile examination gloves to polypropylene plastic surfaces.

Background: Several observational studies suggest that gloves of health care workers are major routes of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii transmission. However, limited experimental data are available assessing Acinetobacter transmission from gloves to environmental surfaces. This study determined whether A baumannii was easily transferred from nitrile gloves to polypropylene plastic compared with other gram-negative bacteria that cause health care-associated infections in laboratory-controlled experiments.

Severe Pneumonitis with Alveolar Hemorrhage Associated with Herbal Medicines: A Case Report.

We report a case of pneumonitis with alveolar hemorrhage induced by herbal medicines in a 73-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital because of dyspnea and an abnormal shadow on a chest radiograph. She had received treatment with numerous drugs, including the herbal medicines Seisin-renshi-in, Chotosan, Rikkunshi-to, and Shakuyakukannzo-to. Chest radiography revealed diffuse ground-glass shadows in both lungs, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was progressively hemorrhagic.

Resolution of bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis via a splenic lymphocyte subpopulation.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with high mortality, and the pathogenesis of the disease is still incompletely understood. Although lymphocytes, especially CD4CD25FoxP3 regulatory T cells (Tregs), have been implicated in the development of IPF, contradictory results have been reported regarding the contribution of Tregs to fibrosis both in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a specific T cell subset has therapeutic potential in inhibiting bleomycin (BLM)-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis.

XPLN is modulated by HDAC inhibitors and negatively regulates SPARC expression by targeting mTORC2 in human lung fibroblasts.

Pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains unclear. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein that participates in the assembly and turnover of the extracellular matrix, whose expression is regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). Exchange factor found in platelets, leukemic, and neuronal tissues (XPLN) is an endogenous inhibitor of mTORC2.

Nintedanib modulates surfactant protein-D expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-activator protein-1 pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a high mortality rate. Signalling pathways activated by several tyrosine kinase receptors are known to be involved in lung fibrosis, and this knowledge has led to the development of the triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), for the treatment of IPF. Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), an important biomarker of IPF, reportedly attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte accumulation in the lungs in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes reportedly play important roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent; however, its effects on fibrocytes have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte pool size in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice.

Successful treatment of histiocytic sarcoma and concurrent HIV infection using a combination of CHOP and antiretroviral therapy.

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignancy of soft tissues with an unknown etiology. The CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride and prednisolone) regimen is often adopted as first-line chemotherapy; however, its therapeutic efficacy against HS is usually low. We herein first present the case of a patient with HS who was infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) in whom treatment with a combination of CHOP and antiretroviral therapy (ART) was successful.

Diagnostic usefulness of ribosomal protein l7/l12 for pneumococcal pneumonia in a mouse model.

The capsular antigen detection (CAD) kit is widely used in clinics to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae infection from urine, because it is rapid, convenient, and effective. However, there are several disadvantages, including false-positive results in children colonized with S. pneumoniae and prolonged positive readings even after the bacteria have been cleared.

Fatal pneumonia associated with temozolomide therapy in patients with malignant glioma.

This report presents the cases of three patients with fatal pneumonia that was highly suspected to be Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) based on serological diagnosis. Their chest radiographs showed bilateral pneumonia and each had presented with severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation when they arrived at the hospital. Although bronchoscopical sampling could not be performed, their chest computed tomography imaging and a marked elevation of serum KL-6 and β-D-glucan levels were characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Sequential changes of Legionella antigens and bacterial load in the lungs and urines of a mouse model of pneumonia.

Legionella pneumophila is an important cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. In spite of the introduction of the urinary antigen detection method, Legionella pneumonia may be still underdiagnosed. We performed kinetic and quantitative analysis of diagnostic markers, such as bacterial loads, DNA assays, and antigen titers, in a 28-day time course murine model of L.

Tiotropium ameliorates symptoms in patients with chronic airway mucus hypersecretion which is resistant to macrolide therapy.

Objective: Low-dose, long-term macrolide therapy has been shown to be effective for the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) and similar disorders in terms of the presence of airway mucus hypersecretion such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis and sinobronchial syndrome. However, there are some patients, especially advanced cases, whose volume of sputum does not decrease sufficiently with macrolide therapy. These patients suffer from copious expectoration.

Preventive effect of sulfamethoxasole-trimethoprim on Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with interstitial pneumonia.

Background: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) is a potentially fatal complication in interstitial pneumonia patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy. Prophylaxis of PCP during glucocorticoid therapy is an important issue in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia.

Objective: We evaluated the prophylactic effect of sulfamethoxasole-trimethoprim (TMP-SMX) in interstitial pneumonia patients receiving glucocorticoids.

Clinical predictors for the detection of community-acquired pneumonia in adults as a guide to ordering chest radiographs.

Objective: To identify sensitive clinical predictors for the detection of community-acquired pneumonia in adults as a guide to when to order a CXR.

Methods: In total, 79 outpatients presenting with at least one of the following clinical features of pneumonia: fever, cough, sputum, chest pain, dyspnoea and coarse crackles and who underwent CXR to detect pneumonia were examined retrospectively. The relationship between these clinical features and the presence of pneumonia on CXR was determined.