Electrifying P(V): Access to Polar and Radical Reactivity.

Electrochemical, fully stereoselective P(V)-radical hydrophosphorylation of olefins and carbonyl compounds using a P(V) reagent is disclosed. By strategically selecting the anode material, radical reactivity is accessible for alkene hydrophosphorylation whereas a polar pathway operates for ketone hydrophosphorylation. The mechanistic intricacies of these chemoselective transformations were explored in-depth.

Stereoselective amino alcohol synthesis via chemoselective electrocatalytic radical cross-couplings.

Amino alcohols are vital in natural products, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and as key building blocks for various applications. Traditional synthesis methods often rely on polar bond retrosynthetic analysis, requiring extensive protecting group manipulations that complicate direct access. Here we show a streamlined approach using a serine-derived chiral carboxylic acid in stereoselective electrocatalytic decarboxylative transformations, enabling efficient access to enantiopure amino alcohols.

Biocatalytic C-H oxidation meets radical cross-coupling: Simplifying complex piperidine synthesis.

Modern medicinal chemists are targeting more complex molecules to address challenging biological targets, which leads to synthesizing structures with higher sp character (Fsp) to enhance specificity as well as physiochemical properties. Although traditional flat, high-fraction sp molecules, such as pyridine, can be decorated through electrophilic aromatic substitution and palladium (Pd)-based cross-couplings, general strategies to derivatize three-dimensional (3D) saturated molecules are far less developed. In this work, we present an approach for the rapid, modular, enantiospecific, and diastereoselective functionalization of piperidine (saturated analog of pyridine), combining robust biocatalytic carbon-hydrogen oxidation with radical cross-coupling.

Impact of deep learning reconstruction on radiation dose reduction and cancer risk in CT examinations: a real-world clinical analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the extent to which the implementation of deep learning reconstruction (DLR) may reduce the risk of radiation-induced cancer from CT examinations, utilizing real-world clinical data.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed scan data of adult patients who underwent body CT during two periods relative to DLR implementation at our facility: a 12-month pre-DLR phase (n = 5553) using hybrid iterative reconstruction and a 12-month post-DLR phase (n = 5494) with routine CT reconstruction transitioning to DLR. To ensure comparability between two groups, we employed propensity score matching 1:1 based on age, sex, and body mass index.

Initial psychotropic prescriptions and symptom associations in first-visit patients with major depressive disorder: A single-center cross-sectional study.

Aim: There are limited reports regarding psychotropic prescriptions in first-visit patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The objective of this study is to clarify the prescription patterns of psychotropics and their association with symptoms among first-visit patients with MDD in Japan.

Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, we examined 376 first-visit patients diagnosed with MDD.

Pyrolytic Carbon: An Inexpensive, Robust, and Versatile Electrode for Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry.

Synthetic organic electrochemistry is recognized as one of the most sustainable forms of redox chemistry that can enable a wide variety of useful transformations. In this study, readily prepared pyrolytic carbon electrodes are explored in several powerful rAP transformations as well as C-C and C-N bond forming reactions. Pyrolytic carbon provides an alternative to classic amorphous carbon-based materials that are either expensive or ill-suited to large-scale flow reactions.

Physicochemical Principles of AC Electrosynthesis: Reversible Reactions.

Electrolysis integrates renewable energy into chemical manufacturing and is key to sustainable chemistry. Controlling the waveform beyond direct current (DC) addresses the long-standing obstacle of chemoselectivity, yet it also expands the parameter set to optimize, creating a demand for theoretical predictions. Here, we report the first analytical theory for predicting chemoselectivity in an alternating current (AC) electrosynthesis.

[Development of Dose Calculation Application for Computed Tomography Dose Management When Facility Protocols Differ from Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL)].

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to develop an application that computes dose values resembling diagnostic reference level (DRL) conditions when disparity prevents direct dose comparisons between the national diagnostic reference levels in Japan 2020 (Japan DRLs_2020) and facility-specific computed tomography (CT) protocols.

Methods: We developed an application using the R programming language and RStudio software that computes dose values and median values based on Japan DRLs_2020 imaging conditions following extraction of necessary information for dose calculations from the Radiation Dose Structured Report (RDSR) and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) tags. To ensure a user-friendly experience, we used the Shiny package to develop a graphical user interface that enables the application to operate seamlessly in web browsers.

Discovery of N-X anomeric amides as electrophilic halogenation reagents.

Electrophilic halogenation is a widely used tool employed by medicinal chemists to either pre-functionalize molecules for further diversity or incorporate a halogen atom into drugs or drug-like compounds to solve metabolic problems or modulate off-target effects. Current methods to increase the power of halogenation rely on either the invention of new reagents or activating commercially available reagents with various additives such as Lewis or Brønsted acids, Lewis bases and hydrogen-bonding activators. There is a high demand for new reagents that can halogenate otherwise unreactive compounds under mild conditions.

Vortioxetine-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: A case report.

Background: Vortioxetine, known for its efficacy in treating depression through its effects on various neurotransmitters, has not been previously reported to induce syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).

Case Presentation: This case report describes a 74-year-old man with major depressive disorder who developed SIADH 1 week after starting treatment with vortioxetine. SIADH is characterized by symptoms such as headache, nausea, disorientation, and seizures, stemming from hyponatremia (123 mEq/L), without dehydration or edema.

Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling.

The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates.

Simplified Modular Access to Enantiopure 1,2-Aminoalcohols via Ni-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation.

Chiral aminoalcohols are omnipresent in bioactive compounds. Conventional strategies to access this motif involve multiple-step reactions to install the requisite functionalities stereoselectively using conventional polar bond analysis. This study reveals that a simple chiral oxazolidine-based carboxylic acid can be readily transformed to substituted chiral aminoalcohols with high stereochemical control by Ni-electrocatalytic decarboxylative arylation.

Simplifying Access to Targeted Protein Degraders via Nickel Electrocatalytic Cross-Coupling.

C-C linked glutarimide-containing structures with direct utility in the preparation of cereblon-based degraders (PROTACs, CELMoDs) can be assessed in a single step from inexpensive, commercial α-bromoglutarimide through a unique Brønsted-acid assisted Ni-electrocatalytic approach. The reaction tolerates a broad array of functional groups that are historically problematic and can be applied to the simplified synthesis of dozens of known compounds that have only been procured through laborious, wasteful, multi-step sequences. The reaction is scalable in both batch and flow and features a trivial procedure wherein the most time-consuming aspect of reaction setup is weighing out the starting materials.

Factors associated with the initiation of laxative use in the same patients with schizophrenia over a 20-year period: Retrospective cohort study.

Background: Constipation is a common adverse effect of antipsychotics, but little investigation has been conducted. We aimed to address the factors associated with the initiation of laxative use in the same patients with schizophrenia over a 20-year period.

Methods: We enrolled patients with schizophrenia attending each hospital (n = 14) from April 1, 2021, and retrospectively examined all prescriptions as of April 1, 2016, 2011, 2006, and 2001, every 5 years starting in 2021, for this population.

Scalable Electrochemical Decarboxylative Olefination Driven by Alternating Polarity.

A mild, scalable (kg) metal-free electrochemical decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to olefins is disclosed. Numerous applications are presented wherein this transformation can simplify alkene synthesis and provide alternative synthetic access to valuable olefins from simple carboxylic acid feedstocks. This robust method relies on alternating polarity to maintain the quality of the electrode surface and local pH, providing a deeper understanding of the Hofer-Moest process with unprecedented chemoselectivity.

Differences in self-reported psychotic symptoms between patients with autism spectrum disorder and those with schizophrenia.

Aim: Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to develop overt psychosis and share symptom presentations with those with schizophrenia (SZ). This study aimed to explore differences in the distributions of psychotic symptoms among first-visit patients with ASD, SZ, or a nonpsychiatric diagnosis (N-PD).

Methods: Data from first-visit patients were retrospectively collected from medical records from the Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital between June 2019 and May 2021.

Stereocontrolled Radical Thiophosphorylation.

The first practical, fully stereoselective P(V)-radical hydrophosphorylation is presented herein by using simple, limonene-derived reagent systems. A set of reagents have been developed that upon radical initiation react smoothly with olefins and other radical acceptors to generate -chiral products, which can be further diversified (with conventional 2e chemistry) to a range of underexplored bioisosteric building blocks. The reactions have a wide scope with excellent chemoselectivity, and the unexpected stereochemical outcome has been supported computationally and experimentally.

An electroaffinity labelling platform for chemoproteomic-based target identification.

Target identification involves deconvoluting the protein target of a pharmacologically active, small-molecule ligand, a process that is critical for early drug discovery yet technically challenging. Photoaffinity labelling strategies have become the benchmark for small-molecule target deconvolution, but covalent protein capture requires the use of high-energy ultraviolet light, which can complicate downstream target identification. Thus, there is a strong demand for alternative technologies that allow for controlled activation of chemical probes to covalently label their protein target.

Survey of Health Literacy Among Japanese Outpatients with Mental Illness.

Purpose: Low health literacy has been associated with adverse outcomes in health maintenance and the course of chronic physical illness. In particular, anxiety disorders can also affect one's physical health, causing issues including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and immune system disorders. However, there are no reports on physical health literacy among Japanese patients with mental illness.

Prescribing Trends for the Same Patients with Schizophrenia Over 20 Years.

Background: Recent pharmacoepidemiology data show an increase in the proportion of patients receiving second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) monotherapy, but no studies have analyzed the same patients over a long period of time. Therefore, in this study, we retrospectively evaluated schizophrenia patients with available data for 20 years to determine whether the drug treatments in the same patients have changed in the past 20 years.

Methods: The study began in April 2021 and was conducted in 15 psychiatric hospitals in Japan.